Gr 9 NATURAL SCIENCES: Term Test 4
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Questions and Answers

What is the biosphere composed of?

  • Only animals on Earth
  • Only plants on Earth
  • All non-living organisms on Earth
  • All living organisms on Earth (correct)

    • What percentage of Earth's surface is covered by water?

  • 50%
  • 90%
  • 100%
  • 70% (correct)

    • Which of the following is an example of the lithosphere?

  • Earth's crust and upper mantle (correct)
  • The ocean
  • A living organism
  • The atmosphere

    • What is the atmosphere composed of?

    <p>All gases surrounding Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the Earth's system?

    <p>The spheres interact with each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of most life on Earth?

    <p>Within 3 meters below the surface to 30 meters above it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of the biosphere?

    <p>Clouds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many spheres make up the Earth's system?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere?

    <p>79%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of the lithosphere?

    <p>Waterfalls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key term for the solid part of the Earth, including the lithosphere, mantle, and core?

    <p>Geosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the outermost layer of the Earth?

    <p>Crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interaction between the spheres crucial for?

    <p>Maintaining life and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of changes in one sphere?

    <p>Disruption of the entire Earth system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the lithosphere?

    <p>Solid materials found on the Earth's surface and beneath the oceans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the makeup or constitution of a substance?

    <p>Composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the layer of the Earth between the crust and the core?

    <p>Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the rigid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and upper mantle?

    <p>Lithosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innermost part of the Earth?

    <p>Core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lithosphere?

    <p>The rigid outer part of the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of breaking down rocks on the Earth's surface?

    <p>Weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rock is formed from the compaction and cementation of sediments?

    <p>Sedimentary Rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that transforms solid rock into molten rock?

    <p>Melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer part of the Earth's core?

    <p>Liquid Outer Core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of settling or being deposited as a sediment?

    <p>Sedimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the series of processes that repeat in a sequence?

    <p>Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of rock that has been changed by heat and pressure?

    <p>Metamorphic Rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of sediment or rock fragments from one location to another?

    <p>Erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of analyzing mineral samples?

    <p>To assess the quality of the ore and the feasibility of mining operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to extract rare earth elements?

    <p>Geophysical methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Kimberley Big Hole significant for?

    <p>Its unique geological formation and impact on diamond mining history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in surface mining?

    <p>Topsoil removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of rehabilitation in coal mining?

    <p>To restore the area’s natural vegetation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Phalaborwa Open Pit Mine used for?

    <p>Extracting copper ore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to support the roof in the room and pillar method?

    <p>Pillars of coal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of mining used for extracting diamonds and gold?

    <p>Underground mining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the headgear in underground mining?

    <p>To house the lift system, allowing miners and equipment to move up and down the shaft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the mine that is the world's deepest at 3.9 km?

    <p>TauTona Mine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of transforming rocks from their original state to a more compact and crystalline structure?

    <p>Metamorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock is formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava?

    <p>Igneous rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the acquisition of information about an object or area from a distance, typically from satellite or airborne sensors?

    <p>Remote Sensing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of searching for mineral deposits in the lithosphere?

    <p>Exploration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the techniques that use physical properties of the earth and minerals to detect their presence underground?

    <p>Geophysical Methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the techniques that analyze the chemical properties of minerals to determine their presence and concentration?

    <p>Geochemical Methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rock can be broken down into sediments, which can then form sedimentary rocks?

    <p>All types of rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of mining exploration?

    <p>To locate areas with higher concentrations of valuable minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for diamonds often found in carrot-shaped kimberlite pipes?

    <p>Kimberlite pipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the rock cycle?

    <p>The continuous transformation of rocks from one type to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of crushing and grinding in mineral processing?

    <p>To separate valuable minerals from waste rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of jaw crushers in mineral processing?

    <p>To break down large chunks of ore into smaller pieces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cone crushers in mineral processing?

    <p>To crush rocks by squeezing them between an eccentrically gyrating spindle and a concave hopper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of rod mills and ball mills in mineral processing?

    <p>To grind rocks into a fine powder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between rod mills and ball mills?

    <p>The type of grinding media used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is crushing and milling an energy-intensive step in mineral processing?

    <p>Because breaking rocks down into fine powder demands a lot of power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for extracting minerals from ore?

    <p>To separate the valuable minerals from the waste rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about gold and diamonds in mineral processing?

    <p>They are found in their pure form and do not require extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of flotation, magnetic separation, and chemical leaching in mineral processing?

    <p>To separate valuable minerals from waste rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of crushing and grinding in mineral processing?

    <p>Formation of a fine powder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary interaction between the Earth's spheres?

    <p>They are connected and interact with one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate range of depths where most life on Earth is found?

    <p>3 meters below the surface to 30 meters above it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of the lithosphere?

    <p>The crust and upper mantle of the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the Earth's system?

    <p>It is a dynamic system with interconnected spheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of changes in one sphere of the Earth's system?

    <p>All spheres are eventually affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere?

    <p>The hydrosphere is composed of water, while the atmosphere is composed of air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of understanding the interactions between the Earth's spheres?

    <p>It is crucial for sustaining life on our planet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of the atmosphere?

    <p>A cloud formation in the sky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of the Earth's inner core?

    <p>Iron and nickel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process transforms solid rock into molten rock?

    <p>Melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the rigid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and upper mantle?

    <p>Lithosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock is formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava?

    <p>Igneous rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of settling or being deposited as a sediment?

    <p>Sedimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the series of processes that repeat in a sequence?

    <p>Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock is formed from the compaction and cementation of sediments?

    <p>Sedimentary rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of sediment or rock fragments from one location to another?

    <p>Erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock has been changed by heat and pressure?

    <p>Metamorphic rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of breaking down rocks on the Earth's surface?

    <p>Weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of the lithosphere?

    <p>Mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of changes in one sphere of the Earth's system?

    <p>A significant impact on the other spheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the layer of the Earth between the crust and the core?

    <p>Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interaction between the spheres crucial for?

    <p>Maintaining life on Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the outermost layer of the Earth?

    <p>Crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>79% nitrogen, 21% oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of the interaction between the spheres?

    <p>A tree using water from the hydrosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the solid part of the Earth, including the lithosphere, mantle, and core?

    <p>Geosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the rigid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and upper mantle?

    <p>Lithosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of analyzing mineral samples?

    <p>To assess the quality of the ore and the feasibility of mining operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to extract rare earth elements?

    <p>Geophysical and geochemical methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Kimberley Big Hole?

    <p>It is a historic example of diamond mining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in surface mining?

    <p>Topsoil removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of rehabilitation in coal mining?

    <p>To restore the area's natural vegetation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Phalaborwa Open Pit Mine used for?

    <p>Copper ore mining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to support the roof in the room and pillar method?

    <p>Pillars of coal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of mining used for extracting diamonds and gold?

    <p>Underground mining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the headgear in underground mining?

    <p>To house the lift system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the mine that is the world's deepest at 3.9 km?

    <p>TauTona Mine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of metamorphic rocks?

    <p>They have been transformed from their original state and often have a more compact and crystalline structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of plate tectonics in the rock cycle?

    <p>It drives the rock cycle process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of geochemical methods in mining exploration?

    <p>To determine the presence and concentration of minerals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between igneous rocks and magma?

    <p>Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of mining exploration?

    <p>To identify potential mining sites with high-quality ore.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of weathering in the rock cycle?

    <p>It breaks down rocks into sediments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of sedimentary rocks?

    <p>They are formed from the compaction and cementation of sediments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of transforming rocks from their original state to a more compact and crystalline structure?

    <p>Metamorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of remote sensing in mining exploration?

    <p>To collect data from a distance using tools like radar and satellite images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the rock cycle process?

    <p>The transformation of rocks from one type to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of crushing and milling in mineral processing?

    <p>To separate the valuable minerals from the waste rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to break down rocks in crushing?

    <p>Using two plates to crush rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of rod mills and ball mills in mineral processing?

    <p>To grind the ore into a fine powder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of energy requirement in crushing and milling?

    <p>It requires significant amounts of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of gold and diamonds in their natural form?

    <p>They are found in their pure form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of separation techniques in mineral processing?

    <p>To separate the valuable minerals from the waste rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why crushing and milling are necessary in mineral processing?

    <p>To facilitate the extraction of minerals from the waste rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cone crushers in mineral processing?

    <p>They break rocks by squeezing them between an eccentrically gyrating spindle and a concave hopper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between rod mills and ball mills?

    <p>Rod mills use rods for grinding media, while ball mills use balls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of milling in mineral processing?

    <p>To grind the ore into a fine powder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary interaction between the biosphere and the hydrosphere?

    <p>Nutrient cycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of all four spheres of the Earth's system?

    <p>Interconnectedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the atmosphere in the Earth's system?

    <p>Regulation of temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of human activities on the Earth's system?

    <p>Disruption of the delicate balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of the lithosphere?

    <p>Earth's crust and upper mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the zone where most life on Earth exists?

    <p>Trophic zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the hydrosphere?

    <p>It covers approximately 70% of the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the Earth's system as a whole?

    <p>Earth Systems Science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lithosphere in the Earth's system?

    <p>To store and process minerals and rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an imbalance between the four spheres of the Earth's system?

    <p>A catastrophic event, such as an earthquake or flood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the lithosphere?

    <p>It is a rigid outer layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the atmosphere in the interaction between the spheres?

    <p>To provide oxygen for the biosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the layer of the Earth between the crust and the core?

    <p>Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the solid part of the Earth, including the lithosphere, mantle, and core?

    <p>Geosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the interaction between the spheres?

    <p>To support life on Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of human activities that disrupt the balance of the Earth's system?

    <p>A catastrophic event, such as an earthquake or flood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the outermost layer of the Earth?

    <p>Crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the lithosphere in the Earth's system?

    <p>To store and process minerals and rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that distinguishes intrusive from extrusive igneous rocks?

    <p>Cooling rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of metamorphic rocks?

    <p>Formation from the cooling of magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of mining exploration?

    <p>To identify areas with high concentrations of valuable minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the continuous rock cycle?

    <p>The cycling of rocks between different types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is used to detect the presence of diamonds in kimberlite pipes?

    <p>Geophysical methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of remote sensing in mining exploration?

    <p>To identify potential mining sites from a distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the Earth's physical structure, composition, and processes?

    <p>Geology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a metamorphic rock?

    <p>Soapstone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of breaking down rocks into smaller particles through weathering and erosion?

    <p>Denudation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to analyze the chemical composition of minerals in geochemical methods?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the Earth's inner core?

    <p>Iron and nickel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT involved in the formation of sedimentary rocks?

    <p>Melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lithosphere in the Earth's system?

    <p>To support ecosystems and human infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of rocks can be formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava?

    <p>Igneous rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of breaking down rocks on the Earth's surface?

    <p>Weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of the geosphere?

    <p>The lithosphere and mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the continuous cycle of materials and energy in the Earth's system?

    <p>The support of life on Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sedimentary rocks?

    <p>They are formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of transforming solid rock into molten rock?

    <p>Melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a metamorphic rock?

    <p>Marble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for analyzing mineral samples in mining exploration?

    <p>To assess the quality of the ore and the feasibility of mining operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mining technique is commonly used in South Africa for mining iron, copper, chromium, manganese, phosphate, and coal?

    <p>Surface mining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of removing the topsoil and overburden in surface mining?

    <p>To expose the coal seams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the mine that is the world's deepest at 3.9 km?

    <p>TauTona Mine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to extract diamonds and gold in South Africa?

    <p>Underground mining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the headgear in underground mining?

    <p>To house the lift system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of excavating rooms of ore while leaving pillars of coal to support the roof?

    <p>Room and pillar method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of rehabilitation in coal mining?

    <p>To restore the area's natural vegetation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Kimberley Big Hole?

    <p>It is a historic example of diamond mining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the techniques that analyze the chemical properties of minerals to determine their presence and concentration?

    <p>Geochemical analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of crushing and milling in mineral processing?

    <p>To break down large chunks of ore into smaller pieces to facilitate the extraction of minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of rod mills and ball mills in mineral processing?

    <p>To grind the ore into a fine powder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of breaking down the chemical bonds that hold minerals in compound form?

    <p>The extraction of minerals in their pure form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the energy requirement in crushing and milling?

    <p>It is a significant requirement in the overall mineral processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of jaw crushers in mineral processing?

    <p>To break down large chunks of ore into smaller pieces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using flotation, magnetic separation, or chemical leaching in mineral processing?

    <p>To separate the valuable minerals from the waste rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of gold and diamonds in ore?

    <p>They are found in their pure form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of crushing and grinding in the context of mineral processing?

    <p>To facilitate the extraction of minerals by breaking down large chunks of ore into smaller pieces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the separation techniques used in mineral processing?

    <p>To separate the valuable minerals from the waste rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the crushing and milling process in mineral processing?

    <p>The production of a fine powder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of phosphate rock?

    <p>As a fertilizer or to make phosphoric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of magnetic separation?

    <p>To separate iron ore from waste rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hand sorting used for?

    <p>Picking out valuable minerals from waste rock manually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of washing and sorting coal?

    <p>To produce high-grade coal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using electromagnets in magnetic separation?

    <p>To generate a magnetic field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is silicon dioxide used for?

    <p>In the construction industry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is coal used for?

    <p>As a fuel source for electricity generation or in the iron-making process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of separating minerals from waste rock?

    <p>To extract minerals for use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of density separation in mining?

    <p>To separate minerals based on their density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between panning and flotation methods?

    <p>Panning involves density separation, while flotation involves chemical separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of chemical separation in mining?

    <p>To break chemical bonds and separate the desired element from the compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the early techniques and modern techniques of iron extraction?

    <p>Early techniques used bloomery, while modern techniques use blast furnace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the hot air blast in the blast furnace process?

    <p>To provide the oxygen needed for combustion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical reaction for the early technique of extracting iron using charcoal?

    <p>2Fe_2O_3 + 3C → 4Fe + 3CO_2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of size separation in mining?

    <p>To separate minerals based on their size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the process of breaking chemical bonds in chemical separation?

    <p>The separation of the desired element from the compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of refining minerals?

    <p>To concentrate and purify the desired minerals from the ore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between physical separation methods and chemical separation?

    <p>Physical separation methods separate minerals based on their physical properties, while chemical separation breaks chemical bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the temperature increase with altitude in the stratosphere?

    <p>Ozone absorption of UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate altitude range of the troposphere?

    <p>9-17 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the atmosphere in terms of temperature regulation?

    <p>To trap heat and keep the planet warm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for convection currents in the troposphere?

    <p>Warming of the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the atmosphere is characterized by a decrease in temperature with altitude?

    <p>Mesosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the troposphere that makes it suitable for human respiration?

    <p>High air density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the transition zone between the troposphere and the stratosphere?

    <p>To prevent warm air from escaping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the importance of the ozone layer in the stratosphere?

    <p>It absorbs and scatters ultraviolet radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the air in the troposphere?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the zone of transition between the Earth's atmosphere and outer space?

    <p>Exosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of proper waste management in mining activities?

    <p>To reduce the environmental impact of mining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature drop per kilometer increase in altitude in the troposphere?

    <p>6.4°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mine is known for its gold tailings, posing a threat to the environment?

    <p>Primrose Gold Mine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the altitude range where commercial airplanes typically fly?

    <p>Lower stratosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of the striking miners in 2012?

    <p>Improved working conditions and fair wages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the stratosphere?

    <p>Stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of the atmosphere's mass contained in the troposphere and stratosphere?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the measure of height above sea level?

    <p>Altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the troposphere?

    <p>Temperature increases with altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the importance of the atmosphere in sustaining life?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of blowing pure oxygen through molten iron during the refining process?

    <p>To reduce the carbon content of the iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the limestone reaction in the blast furnace?

    <p>To form a slag layer that can be used for road construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following minerals is South Africa not a leading producer of?

    <p>Lithium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary negative impact of surface mining on the environment?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Bushveld Igneous Complex?

    <p>It contains the world's largest primary source of platinum group metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of the refining process in the blast furnace?

    <p>Purified iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Okiep Copper Mine in South Africa?

    <p>It is one of the richest copper ore bodies discovered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of the slag produced in the blast furnace?

    <p>It is used in the construction of roads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the iron ore reaction in the blast furnace?

    <p>To reduce the iron oxide to pure iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Mapungubwe in South Africa?

    <p>It is a site where gold and iron mining and smelting date back to the early 11th century AD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the temperature increase in the stratosphere?

    <p>Formation of ozone molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the thinning of the ozone layer, particularly over Antarctica?

    <p>Ozone hole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of weather balloons?

    <p>To gather data on atmospheric conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the reaction between chlorine atoms and ozone molecules?

    <p>Destruction of ozone molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lowest temperature reached in the mesosphere?

    <p>-90°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bright streak of light in the sky caused by a meteor burning up in the atmosphere?

    <p>Shooting star</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the air density in the stratosphere?

    <p>It decreases with altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that causes meteors to burn up in the mesosphere?

    <p>Friction and heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the rock or particle from space that enters the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Meteor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a meteorite striking the Earth's surface?

    <p>A crater is formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for a star like the Sun not being able to fuse carbon and oxygen into heavier elements?

    <p>The core temperature never becomes high enough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the remnant core of a star that has shed its outer layers?

    <p>White dwarf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a white dwarf cools and loses its brightness?

    <p>Heat loss through radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a star that becomes extremely massive and eventually collapses into a black hole?

    <p>Red supergiant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a massive explosion resulting from the collapse of a star's core?

    <p>Supernova</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a dense stellar remnant left after a supernova?

    <p>Neutron star</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the outer layers of a red giant star are expelled into space?

    <p>Planetary nebula formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the glowing shell of gas surrounding the remaining core of a star?

    <p>Planetary nebula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process that prevents further contraction of a star?

    <p>Nuclear fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stage in a star's life cycle where it fuses hydrogen into helium in its core?

    <p>Main sequence star</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the characteristics of a main sequence star?

    <p>Mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that occurs when the hydrogen in a star's core is depleted?

    <p>Helium fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the outflow of charged particles from a star?

    <p>Stellar wind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stage in a star's life cycle where it expands and cools after exhausting the hydrogen in its core?

    <p>Red giant star</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate temperature range of main sequence stars?

    <p>10,000°C to 40,000°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the birthplaces of stars, containing gas and dust?

    <p>Nebulae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why massive stars have shorter lifespans than smaller stars?

    <p>They consume their nuclear fuel more rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where hydrogen nuclei combine to form helium, releasing vast amounts of energy?

    <p>Nuclear fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ionosphere?

    <p>To absorb high-energy ultraviolet and X-ray radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical altitude range for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites?

    <p>160 km to 2000 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the extreme temperatures in the thermosphere?

    <p>Due to the absorption of high-energy ultraviolet and X-ray radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>To trap heat and maintain a temperature on Earth that can support life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>The Greenhouse Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical temperature range in the thermosphere?

    <p>-90°C to 1500°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that extends from about 80 km above the Earth's surface?

    <p>The Thermosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the International Space Station?

    <p>To orbit within the thermosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of ionization that occurs in the ionosphere due to solar radiation?

    <p>Knocking electrons off atoms and molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the extreme low air density in the thermosphere?

    <p>Due to the high temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the extreme greenhouse effect on Venus?

    <p>Its atmosphere is thick with CO₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which human activities contribute to global warming?

    <p>By increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of investigating CO₂ levels in ice core samples?

    <p>To differentiate between natural and human-induced changes in CO₂ levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which nuclei of light elements combine to form heavier elements, releasing energy?

    <p>Nuclear Fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the cloud of gas and dust in space where stars are born?

    <p>Nebula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the protostar stage?

    <p>The star is still collapsing and heating up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of changes in global temperatures on agricultural production?

    <p>Altered weather patterns affecting crop yields and food production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the Earth's surface is worn away by natural forces?

    <p>Weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the rigid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and upper mantle?

    <p>Lithosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

    <p>An increase in the Earth's average surface temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the air density in the stratosphere as the altitude increases?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of weather balloons?

    <p>To gather data on atmospheric conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the ozone layer in the stratosphere?

    <p>It absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main impact of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on the stratosphere?

    <p>They decrease the ozone layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the mesosphere?

    <p>It is the coldest layer of the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to meteors when they enter the mesosphere?

    <p>They burn up completely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the thinning of the ozone layer, particularly over Antarctica?

    <p>Ozone hole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of radiosondes on weather balloons?

    <p>To transmit information on temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the formation and destruction of ozone molecules in the stratosphere?

    <p>An increase in UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of meteors that can survive their passage through the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface?

    <p>They are large and dense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following rocks is used directly as a fertilizer or to make phosphoric acid?

    <p>Phosphate Rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hand sorting in mineral extraction?

    <p>To pick out valuable minerals from waste rock manually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the thermosphere?

    <p>Extreme temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ionosphere in terms of radio communication?

    <p>Reflection of radio waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of electromagnets in magnetic separation?

    <p>To generate a magnetic field to attract magnetic iron ore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common use of silicon dioxide, also known as sand?

    <p>In the construction industry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the high temperatures in the thermosphere?

    <p>Absorption of ultraviolet radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the International Space Station's orbiting altitude within the thermosphere?

    <p>370 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a direct use of certain rocks?

    <p>Silicon Dioxide as a component of the Earth's core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>To trap heat and warm the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of washing and sorting coal into different sizes?

    <p>To make it into 'high grade coal' and sort it into various sizes for different applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>They act like a blanket, keeping the planet warm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of separating minerals from waste rock?

    <p>To make the minerals usable for various applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a greenhouse gas?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of hand sorting in mineral extraction?

    <p>It is not feasible on an industrial scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the Earth's surface emits infrared radiation?

    <p>Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the visible phenomenon resulting from the interaction between solar wind particles and the ions in the ionosphere?

    <p>Both aurora borealis and aurora australis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that lies beyond the thermosphere?

    <p>Exosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature required for nuclear fusion reactions to begin in a star's core?

    <p>10 million degrees Celsius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of mining activities?

    <p>To extract minerals and metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that prevents further contraction of a star?

    <p>Nuclear fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major environmental concern in mining?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stage of a star's life where it fuses hydrogen into helium in its core?

    <p>Main sequence star</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the layer of the atmosphere closest to the Earth's surface?

    <p>Troposphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the characteristics of a main sequence star, such as color, size, and lifespan?

    <p>Mass of the star</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the exosphere?

    <p>It has a very low density of gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a star when the hydrogen in its core is depleted?

    <p>It becomes a red giant star</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the outflow of charged particles from a star?

    <p>Stellar wind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ozone layer in the stratosphere?

    <p>To absorb and scatter ultraviolet radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the measure of height above sea level?

    <p>Altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the birthplace of stars, containing gas and dust?

    <p>Nebula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary importance of the atmosphere?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where hydrogen nuclei combine to form helium, releasing energy?

    <p>Nuclear fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected lifespan of a star with 10 times the mass of the Sun?

    <p>20 million years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mining sites is known for its significant diamond discoveries?

    <p>Cullinan Premier Diamond Mine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color of a star with a surface temperature of 40,000°C?

    <p>Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern in the mining industry in terms of worker safety?

    <p>Improved working conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the layer of gases surrounding the Earth?

    <p>Atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of refining iron?

    <p>To reduce the carbon content to less than 2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reaction that occurs when the iron is heated with pure oxygen in the refining process?

    <p>C + O2 → CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of slag in the blast furnace process?

    <p>In the construction of roads and buildings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is South Africa's ranking in the global production of iron ore?

    <p>Seventh largest producer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of platinum group metals (PGMs) in the world?

    <p>Bushveld Igneous Complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the negative impacts of surface mining?

    <p>Environmental degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of melting the iron in the refining process?

    <p>To remove impurities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of the reaction between carbon and oxygen in the refining process?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of coal in the mining industry?

    <p>Distributed to coal power stations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Mapungubwe in the history of mining in South Africa?

    <p>It was an ancient mining site, dating back to the 11th century AD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the outer layers of a medium-sized star after it becomes a red giant?

    <p>They are expelled into space, forming a planetary nebula.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate fate of a white dwarf?

    <p>It cools and becomes a black dwarf.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a massive star's core collapsing?

    <p>A supernova explosion occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the dense, hot remnant core of a star that has shed its outer layers?

    <p>White dwarf.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of star becomes a red supergiant after its hydrogen is depleted?

    <p>Stars with a mass more than eight times the Sun's.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the explosion resulting from the collapse of a star's core?

    <p>Supernova.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the glowing shell of gas expelled by a star during its final stages?

    <p>Planetary nebula.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a massive star's core collapse if it is exceptionally massive?

    <p>A black hole is formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of density separation in mining?

    <p>To separate minerals from waste rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used in flotation?

    <p>Adding chemicals to change the surface properties of minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of chemical separation in mining?

    <p>To break chemical bonds holding atoms together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the thick atmosphere on Venus?

    <p>Extreme greenhouse effect leading to high surface temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions?

    <p>Climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of size separation in mining?

    <p>Classifying iron ore for export</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the earliest method for extracting iron?

    <p>Using charcoal in a bloomery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of the increase in greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of refining minerals?

    <p>To concentrate and purify the desired minerals from the ore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of gradual change or development, specifically in the context of stars?

    <p>Evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the vast, slowly rotating clouds of cold gas and dust in space where stars are born?

    <p>Nebula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of using hot air in a blast furnace?

    <p>Oxygen is provided for combustion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of magnetic separation?

    <p>To separate magnetic materials from non-magnetic ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stage in the formation of a star, characterized by the collapse of a nebula under its own gravity?

    <p>Initial collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical reaction for the earliest technique for extracting iron?

    <p>2Fe₂O₃ + 3C → 4Fe + 3CO₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which nuclei of light elements, such as hydrogen, combine to form heavier elements, releasing energy?

    <p>Nuclear fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the melting of polar ice due to global warming?

    <p>Raising sea levels and flooding low-lying areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of South Africa in the context of iron ore?

    <p>It is the largest producer of iron ore globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of analyzing ice core samples, historical climate data, and current atmospheric measurements?

    <p>To track CO₂ levels over thousands of years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of changes in global temperatures on weather patterns?

    <p>More extreme weather conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the troposphere?

    <p>Temperature decrease with altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the atmosphere's mass is contained in the troposphere?

    <p>Most of the atmosphere's mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the air movement in the troposphere?

    <p>Warming of the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature at the upper boundary of the troposphere?

    <p>-60°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do commercial airplanes fly in the lower stratosphere?

    <p>Because of the minimal turbulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate thickness of the troposphere at the poles?

    <p>9 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the air in the troposphere?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of air in the troposphere that creates convection currents?

    <p>Convection currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere marked by?

    <p>A stabilization of temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of refining iron?

    <p>To improve its quality by reducing the carbon content to less than 2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of the reaction between carbon and oxygen in the refining process?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock can be used directly as a fertilizer or to make phosphoric acid?

    <p>Phosphate Rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is South Africa's ranking in iron ore production globally?

    <p>Seventh largest producer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hand sorting in mineral extraction?

    <p>To pick out valuable minerals from waste rock manually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding limestone to the blast furnace?

    <p>To remove impurities like sand and form slag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of slag?

    <p>Road construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of coal that is washed and sorted into various sizes?

    <p>Generating electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following separation techniques is used to separate iron ore from waste rock?

    <p>Magnetic separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Okiep Copper Mine?

    <p>It's the richest copper ore body discovered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the reaction between iron ore and carbon in the blast furnace?

    <p>Production of iron and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of magnetic separation in mineral extraction?

    <p>To separate minerals based on their magnetic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of mining on the environment?

    <p>Both positive and negative, contributing to economic development and causing environmental degradation and pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the device that generates a magnetic field in magnetic separation?

    <p>Electromagnet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock is used in the construction industry?

    <p>Silicon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Bushveld Igneous Complex?

    <p>It contains the world's largest primary source of platinum group metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following rocks does not need to be crushed or milled for mineral extraction?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product of the blast furnace process?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of density separation in mining?

    <p>To separate minerals and waste rock based on their density difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main principle behind flotation?

    <p>Using chemicals to change the surface properties of minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of chemical separation?

    <p>To break chemical bonds holding atoms together in a compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of refining iron from iron ore?

    <p>Metallic iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the earliest technique for extracting iron?

    <p>Using charcoal in a bloomery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the blast furnace in iron extraction?

    <p>To reduce iron ore to metallic iron at high temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical reaction for the earliest technique of extracting iron?

    <p>2Fe₂O₃ + 3C → 4Fe + 3CO₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process that transforms solid rock into molten rock?

    <p>Smelting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of size separation in mining?

    <p>To classify ore based on size for export or power generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of understanding the properties of minerals in mining operations?

    <p>To extract minerals efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the density in the troposphere?

    <p>Density decreases as altitude increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the air in the troposphere?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for air movement in the troposphere?

    <p>Warming of the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate temperature drop per kilometer in the troposphere?

    <p>6.4°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere?

    <p>A stabilization of temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the stratosphere?

    <p>Stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate height range of the stratosphere?

    <p>12 km to 50 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do commercial airplanes fly in the lower stratosphere?

    <p>Due to stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of weather phenomena?

    <p>Troposphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature at the upper boundary of the troposphere?

    <p>-60°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of mining?

    <p>To extract diamonds and gold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the layer of the atmosphere that contains the ozone layer?

    <p>Stratosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the atmosphere's gravity on gas molecules?

    <p>They are more concentrated closer to the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary importance of the atmosphere?

    <p>It maintains Earth's temperature and sustains life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the troposphere?

    <p>Weather occurs in this layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the measure of height above sea level?

    <p>Altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of mining activities?

    <p>Environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the layer of gases surrounding the Earth?

    <p>Atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the thermosphere?

    <p>It is the layer with temperatures above 1000°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concern of the striking miners in 2012?

    <p>Improved working conditions and fair wages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ozone layer in the stratosphere?

    <p>To absorb harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of Venus' atmosphere?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of the ozone hole?

    <p>The release of chlorine atoms from CFCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average surface temperature on Mars?

    <p>-55°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the air density in the stratosphere?

    <p>It decreases with altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of weather balloons?

    <p>To gather data on atmospheric conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of global warming?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of gradual change or development in stars?

    <p>Evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to meteors when they enter the mesosphere?

    <p>They burn up completely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a large cloud of gas and dust in space where stars are born?

    <p>Nebula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the rock or particle from space that enters the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Meteor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a meteorite striking the Earth's surface?

    <p>A crater is formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which nuclei of light elements combine to form heavier elements, releasing energy?

    <p>Nuclear fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequences of global warming on polar ice?

    <p>It melts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the temperature in the mesosphere?

    <p>It decreases with altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a developing star not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion?

    <p>Protostar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the ban on CFCs?

    <p>They release chlorine atoms that react with ozone molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of changes in one sphere of the Earth's system?

    <p>Has a ripple effect on other spheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of radiosondes on weather balloons?

    <p>To transmit information on atmospheric conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of tracking CO₂ levels over thousands of years?

    <p>Ice core sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thermosphere layer of the Earth's atmosphere characterized by?

    <p>Very low air density and extreme temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the ionosphere?

    <p>To reflect longer wavelength radio waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that creates the auroras?

    <p>Interaction between solar wind particles and the ionosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the greenhouse effect essential for?

    <p>Maintaining a temperature on Earth that can support life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of the greenhouse effect?

    <p>Absorption and re-emission of infrared radiation by greenhouse gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the International Space Station's orbit altitude?

    <p>Approximately 370 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thermosphere's altitude range?

    <p>80 km to 600 km or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the absorption of high-energy ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray radiation by the thermosphere?

    <p>An increase in temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of greenhouse gases in the greenhouse effect?

    <p>To absorb and re-emit infrared radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the result if there were no greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>The Earth would be too cold to support life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final stage of a medium-sized star like the Sun?

    <p>White dwarf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the outer layers of a red giant star expelled into space?

    <p>Planetary nebula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the collapse of a massive star's core?

    <p>Supernova explosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a star that has cooled and no longer emits light?

    <p>Black dwarf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the remaining core of a star after it has shed its outer layers?

    <p>White dwarf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a massive explosion resulting from the collapse of a star's core?

    <p>Supernova</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a dense stellar remnant left after a supernova?

    <p>Neutron star</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a region of space with gravity so strong that not even light can escape?

    <p>Black hole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum temperature required for nuclear fusion to occur in a star?

    <p>10 million degrees Celsius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which hydrogen nuclei combine to form helium, releasing vast amounts of energy?

    <p>Nuclear fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of a star's life cycle where it expands and cools after exhausting the hydrogen in its core?

    <p>Red giant star</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the color of a star?

    <p>Surface temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the outflow of charged particles from a star?

    <p>Stellar wind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of a star's life cycle where it fuses hydrogen into helium in its core?

    <p>Main sequence star</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does a star with 10 times the mass of the Sun remain a main sequence star?

    <p>20 million years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which helium fusion begins in a red giant star?

    <p>Helium ignition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the birthplace of stars, containing gas and dust?

    <p>Nebula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of a star's life cycle that lasts the longest?

    <p>Main sequence star</p> Signup and view all the answers

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