Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the biosphere composed of?
What is the biosphere composed of?
- Only animals on Earth
- Only plants on Earth
- All non-living organisms on Earth
- All living organisms on Earth (correct)
What percentage of Earth's surface is covered by water?
What percentage of Earth's surface is covered by water?
- 50%
- 90%
- 100%
- 70% (correct)
Which of the following is an example of the lithosphere?
Which of the following is an example of the lithosphere?
- Earth's crust and upper mantle (correct)
- The ocean
- A living organism
- The atmosphere
What is the atmosphere composed of?
What is the atmosphere composed of?
What is the main characteristic of the Earth's system?
What is the main characteristic of the Earth's system?
What is the primary location of most life on Earth?
What is the primary location of most life on Earth?
Which of the following is NOT an example of the biosphere?
Which of the following is NOT an example of the biosphere?
How many spheres make up the Earth's system?
How many spheres make up the Earth's system?
What is the approximate percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere?
What is the approximate percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere?
Which of the following is NOT an example of the lithosphere?
Which of the following is NOT an example of the lithosphere?
What is the key term for the solid part of the Earth, including the lithosphere, mantle, and core?
What is the key term for the solid part of the Earth, including the lithosphere, mantle, and core?
What is the term for the outermost layer of the Earth?
What is the term for the outermost layer of the Earth?
What is the interaction between the spheres crucial for?
What is the interaction between the spheres crucial for?
What is the result of changes in one sphere?
What is the result of changes in one sphere?
What is the composition of the lithosphere?
What is the composition of the lithosphere?
What is the term for the makeup or constitution of a substance?
What is the term for the makeup or constitution of a substance?
What is the layer of the Earth between the crust and the core?
What is the layer of the Earth between the crust and the core?
What is the term for the rigid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and upper mantle?
What is the term for the rigid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and upper mantle?
What is the innermost part of the Earth?
What is the innermost part of the Earth?
What is the lithosphere?
What is the lithosphere?
What is the process of breaking down rocks on the Earth's surface?
What is the process of breaking down rocks on the Earth's surface?
What type of rock is formed from the compaction and cementation of sediments?
What type of rock is formed from the compaction and cementation of sediments?
What is the process that transforms solid rock into molten rock?
What is the process that transforms solid rock into molten rock?
What is the outer part of the Earth's core?
What is the outer part of the Earth's core?
What is the process of settling or being deposited as a sediment?
What is the process of settling or being deposited as a sediment?
What is the term for the series of processes that repeat in a sequence?
What is the term for the series of processes that repeat in a sequence?
What is the type of rock that has been changed by heat and pressure?
What is the type of rock that has been changed by heat and pressure?
What is the term for the movement of sediment or rock fragments from one location to another?
What is the term for the movement of sediment or rock fragments from one location to another?
What is the purpose of analyzing mineral samples?
What is the purpose of analyzing mineral samples?
What is the primary method used to extract rare earth elements?
What is the primary method used to extract rare earth elements?
What is the Kimberley Big Hole significant for?
What is the Kimberley Big Hole significant for?
What is the first step in surface mining?
What is the first step in surface mining?
What is the purpose of rehabilitation in coal mining?
What is the purpose of rehabilitation in coal mining?
What is the Phalaborwa Open Pit Mine used for?
What is the Phalaborwa Open Pit Mine used for?
What is used to support the roof in the room and pillar method?
What is used to support the roof in the room and pillar method?
What is the primary method of mining used for extracting diamonds and gold?
What is the primary method of mining used for extracting diamonds and gold?
What is the purpose of the headgear in underground mining?
What is the purpose of the headgear in underground mining?
What is the name of the mine that is the world's deepest at 3.9 km?
What is the name of the mine that is the world's deepest at 3.9 km?
What is the process of transforming rocks from their original state to a more compact and crystalline structure?
What is the process of transforming rocks from their original state to a more compact and crystalline structure?
Which type of rock is formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava?
Which type of rock is formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava?
What is the term for the acquisition of information about an object or area from a distance, typically from satellite or airborne sensors?
What is the term for the acquisition of information about an object or area from a distance, typically from satellite or airborne sensors?
What is the process of searching for mineral deposits in the lithosphere?
What is the process of searching for mineral deposits in the lithosphere?
What is the term for the techniques that use physical properties of the earth and minerals to detect their presence underground?
What is the term for the techniques that use physical properties of the earth and minerals to detect their presence underground?
What is the term for the techniques that analyze the chemical properties of minerals to determine their presence and concentration?
What is the term for the techniques that analyze the chemical properties of minerals to determine their presence and concentration?
What type of rock can be broken down into sediments, which can then form sedimentary rocks?
What type of rock can be broken down into sediments, which can then form sedimentary rocks?
What is the purpose of mining exploration?
What is the purpose of mining exploration?
What is the term for diamonds often found in carrot-shaped kimberlite pipes?
What is the term for diamonds often found in carrot-shaped kimberlite pipes?
What is the result of the rock cycle?
What is the result of the rock cycle?
What is the primary purpose of crushing and grinding in mineral processing?
What is the primary purpose of crushing and grinding in mineral processing?
What is the function of jaw crushers in mineral processing?
What is the function of jaw crushers in mineral processing?
What is the purpose of cone crushers in mineral processing?
What is the purpose of cone crushers in mineral processing?
What is the function of rod mills and ball mills in mineral processing?
What is the function of rod mills and ball mills in mineral processing?
What is the primary difference between rod mills and ball mills?
What is the primary difference between rod mills and ball mills?
Why is crushing and milling an energy-intensive step in mineral processing?
Why is crushing and milling an energy-intensive step in mineral processing?
What is the primary reason for extracting minerals from ore?
What is the primary reason for extracting minerals from ore?
What is unique about gold and diamonds in mineral processing?
What is unique about gold and diamonds in mineral processing?
What is the purpose of flotation, magnetic separation, and chemical leaching in mineral processing?
What is the purpose of flotation, magnetic separation, and chemical leaching in mineral processing?
What is the result of crushing and grinding in mineral processing?
What is the result of crushing and grinding in mineral processing?
What is the primary interaction between the Earth's spheres?
What is the primary interaction between the Earth's spheres?
What is the approximate range of depths where most life on Earth is found?
What is the approximate range of depths where most life on Earth is found?
Which of the following is an example of the lithosphere?
Which of the following is an example of the lithosphere?
What is the primary characteristic of the Earth's system?
What is the primary characteristic of the Earth's system?
What is the result of changes in one sphere of the Earth's system?
What is the result of changes in one sphere of the Earth's system?
What is the primary difference between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere?
What is the primary difference between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere?
What is the importance of understanding the interactions between the Earth's spheres?
What is the importance of understanding the interactions between the Earth's spheres?
Which of the following is an example of the atmosphere?
Which of the following is an example of the atmosphere?
What is the primary composition of the Earth's inner core?
What is the primary composition of the Earth's inner core?
Which process transforms solid rock into molten rock?
Which process transforms solid rock into molten rock?
What is the term for the rigid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and upper mantle?
What is the term for the rigid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and upper mantle?
Which type of rock is formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava?
Which type of rock is formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava?
What is the process of settling or being deposited as a sediment?
What is the process of settling or being deposited as a sediment?
What is the term for the series of processes that repeat in a sequence?
What is the term for the series of processes that repeat in a sequence?
Which type of rock is formed from the compaction and cementation of sediments?
Which type of rock is formed from the compaction and cementation of sediments?
What is the term for the movement of sediment or rock fragments from one location to another?
What is the term for the movement of sediment or rock fragments from one location to another?
Which type of rock has been changed by heat and pressure?
Which type of rock has been changed by heat and pressure?
What is the process of breaking down rocks on the Earth's surface?
What is the process of breaking down rocks on the Earth's surface?
What is the primary component of the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the primary component of the Earth's atmosphere?
Which of the following is an example of the lithosphere?
Which of the following is an example of the lithosphere?
What is the result of changes in one sphere of the Earth's system?
What is the result of changes in one sphere of the Earth's system?
What is the term for the layer of the Earth between the crust and the core?
What is the term for the layer of the Earth between the crust and the core?
What is the interaction between the spheres crucial for?
What is the interaction between the spheres crucial for?
What is the term for the outermost layer of the Earth?
What is the term for the outermost layer of the Earth?
What is the composition of the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the composition of the Earth's atmosphere?
Which of the following is an example of the interaction between the spheres?
Which of the following is an example of the interaction between the spheres?
What is the term for the solid part of the Earth, including the lithosphere, mantle, and core?
What is the term for the solid part of the Earth, including the lithosphere, mantle, and core?
What is the term for the rigid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and upper mantle?
What is the term for the rigid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and upper mantle?
What is the purpose of analyzing mineral samples?
What is the purpose of analyzing mineral samples?
What is the primary method used to extract rare earth elements?
What is the primary method used to extract rare earth elements?
What is the significance of the Kimberley Big Hole?
What is the significance of the Kimberley Big Hole?
What is the first step in surface mining?
What is the first step in surface mining?
What is the purpose of rehabilitation in coal mining?
What is the purpose of rehabilitation in coal mining?
What is the Phalaborwa Open Pit Mine used for?
What is the Phalaborwa Open Pit Mine used for?
What is used to support the roof in the room and pillar method?
What is used to support the roof in the room and pillar method?
What is the primary method of mining used for extracting diamonds and gold?
What is the primary method of mining used for extracting diamonds and gold?
What is the purpose of the headgear in underground mining?
What is the purpose of the headgear in underground mining?
What is the name of the mine that is the world's deepest at 3.9 km?
What is the name of the mine that is the world's deepest at 3.9 km?
What is the primary characteristic of metamorphic rocks?
What is the primary characteristic of metamorphic rocks?
What is the role of plate tectonics in the rock cycle?
What is the role of plate tectonics in the rock cycle?
What is the purpose of geochemical methods in mining exploration?
What is the purpose of geochemical methods in mining exploration?
What is the relationship between igneous rocks and magma?
What is the relationship between igneous rocks and magma?
What is the primary goal of mining exploration?
What is the primary goal of mining exploration?
What is the role of weathering in the rock cycle?
What is the role of weathering in the rock cycle?
What is the characteristic of sedimentary rocks?
What is the characteristic of sedimentary rocks?
What is the term for the process of transforming rocks from their original state to a more compact and crystalline structure?
What is the term for the process of transforming rocks from their original state to a more compact and crystalline structure?
What is the purpose of remote sensing in mining exploration?
What is the purpose of remote sensing in mining exploration?
What is the result of the rock cycle process?
What is the result of the rock cycle process?
What is the purpose of crushing and milling in mineral processing?
What is the purpose of crushing and milling in mineral processing?
What is the primary method used to break down rocks in crushing?
What is the primary method used to break down rocks in crushing?
What is the purpose of rod mills and ball mills in mineral processing?
What is the purpose of rod mills and ball mills in mineral processing?
What is the significance of energy requirement in crushing and milling?
What is the significance of energy requirement in crushing and milling?
What is the characteristic of gold and diamonds in their natural form?
What is the characteristic of gold and diamonds in their natural form?
What is the purpose of separation techniques in mineral processing?
What is the purpose of separation techniques in mineral processing?
What is the primary reason why crushing and milling are necessary in mineral processing?
What is the primary reason why crushing and milling are necessary in mineral processing?
What is the characteristic of cone crushers in mineral processing?
What is the characteristic of cone crushers in mineral processing?
What is the difference between rod mills and ball mills?
What is the difference between rod mills and ball mills?
What is the purpose of milling in mineral processing?
What is the purpose of milling in mineral processing?
What is the primary interaction between the biosphere and the hydrosphere?
What is the primary interaction between the biosphere and the hydrosphere?
Which of the following is a characteristic of all four spheres of the Earth's system?
Which of the following is a characteristic of all four spheres of the Earth's system?
What is the primary function of the atmosphere in the Earth's system?
What is the primary function of the atmosphere in the Earth's system?
What is the result of human activities on the Earth's system?
What is the result of human activities on the Earth's system?
What is the primary location of the lithosphere?
What is the primary location of the lithosphere?
What is the term for the zone where most life on Earth exists?
What is the term for the zone where most life on Earth exists?
What is the primary characteristic of the hydrosphere?
What is the primary characteristic of the hydrosphere?
What is the term for the study of the Earth's system as a whole?
What is the term for the study of the Earth's system as a whole?
What is the primary function of the lithosphere in the Earth's system?
What is the primary function of the lithosphere in the Earth's system?
What is the result of an imbalance between the four spheres of the Earth's system?
What is the result of an imbalance between the four spheres of the Earth's system?
What is the primary characteristic of the lithosphere?
What is the primary characteristic of the lithosphere?
What is the role of the atmosphere in the interaction between the spheres?
What is the role of the atmosphere in the interaction between the spheres?
What is the term for the layer of the Earth between the crust and the core?
What is the term for the layer of the Earth between the crust and the core?
What is the term for the solid part of the Earth, including the lithosphere, mantle, and core?
What is the term for the solid part of the Earth, including the lithosphere, mantle, and core?
What is the primary function of the interaction between the spheres?
What is the primary function of the interaction between the spheres?
What is the result of human activities that disrupt the balance of the Earth's system?
What is the result of human activities that disrupt the balance of the Earth's system?
What is the term for the outermost layer of the Earth?
What is the term for the outermost layer of the Earth?
What is the primary role of the lithosphere in the Earth's system?
What is the primary role of the lithosphere in the Earth's system?
What is the primary factor that distinguishes intrusive from extrusive igneous rocks?
What is the primary factor that distinguishes intrusive from extrusive igneous rocks?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of metamorphic rocks?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of metamorphic rocks?
What is the primary goal of mining exploration?
What is the primary goal of mining exploration?
What is the result of the continuous rock cycle?
What is the result of the continuous rock cycle?
Which technique is used to detect the presence of diamonds in kimberlite pipes?
Which technique is used to detect the presence of diamonds in kimberlite pipes?
What is the primary purpose of remote sensing in mining exploration?
What is the primary purpose of remote sensing in mining exploration?
What is the term for the study of the Earth's physical structure, composition, and processes?
What is the term for the study of the Earth's physical structure, composition, and processes?
Which of the following is an example of a metamorphic rock?
Which of the following is an example of a metamorphic rock?
What is the term for the process of breaking down rocks into smaller particles through weathering and erosion?
What is the term for the process of breaking down rocks into smaller particles through weathering and erosion?
What is the primary method used to analyze the chemical composition of minerals in geochemical methods?
What is the primary method used to analyze the chemical composition of minerals in geochemical methods?
What is the primary component of the Earth's inner core?
What is the primary component of the Earth's inner core?
Which of the following processes is NOT involved in the formation of sedimentary rocks?
Which of the following processes is NOT involved in the formation of sedimentary rocks?
What is the primary function of the lithosphere in the Earth's system?
What is the primary function of the lithosphere in the Earth's system?
Which of the following types of rocks can be formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava?
Which of the following types of rocks can be formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava?
What is the term for the process of breaking down rocks on the Earth's surface?
What is the term for the process of breaking down rocks on the Earth's surface?
Which of the following is an example of the geosphere?
Which of the following is an example of the geosphere?
What is the result of the continuous cycle of materials and energy in the Earth's system?
What is the result of the continuous cycle of materials and energy in the Earth's system?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sedimentary rocks?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sedimentary rocks?
What is the term for the process of transforming solid rock into molten rock?
What is the term for the process of transforming solid rock into molten rock?
Which of the following is an example of a metamorphic rock?
Which of the following is an example of a metamorphic rock?
What is the primary reason for analyzing mineral samples in mining exploration?
What is the primary reason for analyzing mineral samples in mining exploration?
Which mining technique is commonly used in South Africa for mining iron, copper, chromium, manganese, phosphate, and coal?
Which mining technique is commonly used in South Africa for mining iron, copper, chromium, manganese, phosphate, and coal?
What is the purpose of removing the topsoil and overburden in surface mining?
What is the purpose of removing the topsoil and overburden in surface mining?
What is the name of the mine that is the world's deepest at 3.9 km?
What is the name of the mine that is the world's deepest at 3.9 km?
What is the primary method used to extract diamonds and gold in South Africa?
What is the primary method used to extract diamonds and gold in South Africa?
What is the purpose of the headgear in underground mining?
What is the purpose of the headgear in underground mining?
What is the term for the process of excavating rooms of ore while leaving pillars of coal to support the roof?
What is the term for the process of excavating rooms of ore while leaving pillars of coal to support the roof?
What is the primary purpose of rehabilitation in coal mining?
What is the primary purpose of rehabilitation in coal mining?
What is the significance of the Kimberley Big Hole?
What is the significance of the Kimberley Big Hole?
What is the term for the techniques that analyze the chemical properties of minerals to determine their presence and concentration?
What is the term for the techniques that analyze the chemical properties of minerals to determine their presence and concentration?
What is the primary purpose of crushing and milling in mineral processing?
What is the primary purpose of crushing and milling in mineral processing?
What is the function of rod mills and ball mills in mineral processing?
What is the function of rod mills and ball mills in mineral processing?
What is the result of breaking down the chemical bonds that hold minerals in compound form?
What is the result of breaking down the chemical bonds that hold minerals in compound form?
What is the significance of the energy requirement in crushing and milling?
What is the significance of the energy requirement in crushing and milling?
What is the function of jaw crushers in mineral processing?
What is the function of jaw crushers in mineral processing?
What is the purpose of using flotation, magnetic separation, or chemical leaching in mineral processing?
What is the purpose of using flotation, magnetic separation, or chemical leaching in mineral processing?
What is the characteristic of gold and diamonds in ore?
What is the characteristic of gold and diamonds in ore?
What is the purpose of crushing and grinding in the context of mineral processing?
What is the purpose of crushing and grinding in the context of mineral processing?
What is the primary purpose of the separation techniques used in mineral processing?
What is the primary purpose of the separation techniques used in mineral processing?
What is the result of the crushing and milling process in mineral processing?
What is the result of the crushing and milling process in mineral processing?
What is the primary use of phosphate rock?
What is the primary use of phosphate rock?
What is the purpose of magnetic separation?
What is the purpose of magnetic separation?
What is hand sorting used for?
What is hand sorting used for?
What is the purpose of washing and sorting coal?
What is the purpose of washing and sorting coal?
What is the purpose of using electromagnets in magnetic separation?
What is the purpose of using electromagnets in magnetic separation?
What is silicon dioxide used for?
What is silicon dioxide used for?
What is coal used for?
What is coal used for?
What is the purpose of separating minerals from waste rock?
What is the purpose of separating minerals from waste rock?
What is the primary purpose of density separation in mining?
What is the primary purpose of density separation in mining?
What is the main difference between panning and flotation methods?
What is the main difference between panning and flotation methods?
What is the purpose of chemical separation in mining?
What is the purpose of chemical separation in mining?
What is the main difference between the early techniques and modern techniques of iron extraction?
What is the main difference between the early techniques and modern techniques of iron extraction?
What is the purpose of the hot air blast in the blast furnace process?
What is the purpose of the hot air blast in the blast furnace process?
What is the chemical reaction for the early technique of extracting iron using charcoal?
What is the chemical reaction for the early technique of extracting iron using charcoal?
What is the purpose of size separation in mining?
What is the purpose of size separation in mining?
What is the result of the process of breaking chemical bonds in chemical separation?
What is the result of the process of breaking chemical bonds in chemical separation?
What is the purpose of refining minerals?
What is the purpose of refining minerals?
What is the main difference between physical separation methods and chemical separation?
What is the main difference between physical separation methods and chemical separation?
What is the primary reason for the temperature increase with altitude in the stratosphere?
What is the primary reason for the temperature increase with altitude in the stratosphere?
What is the approximate altitude range of the troposphere?
What is the approximate altitude range of the troposphere?
What is the primary function of the atmosphere in terms of temperature regulation?
What is the primary function of the atmosphere in terms of temperature regulation?
What is the main reason for convection currents in the troposphere?
What is the main reason for convection currents in the troposphere?
Which layer of the atmosphere is characterized by a decrease in temperature with altitude?
Which layer of the atmosphere is characterized by a decrease in temperature with altitude?
What is the characteristic of the troposphere that makes it suitable for human respiration?
What is the characteristic of the troposphere that makes it suitable for human respiration?
What is the purpose of the transition zone between the troposphere and the stratosphere?
What is the purpose of the transition zone between the troposphere and the stratosphere?
What is the primary reason for the importance of the ozone layer in the stratosphere?
What is the primary reason for the importance of the ozone layer in the stratosphere?
What is the primary component of the air in the troposphere?
What is the primary component of the air in the troposphere?
What is the term for the zone of transition between the Earth's atmosphere and outer space?
What is the term for the zone of transition between the Earth's atmosphere and outer space?
What is the primary purpose of proper waste management in mining activities?
What is the primary purpose of proper waste management in mining activities?
What is the temperature drop per kilometer increase in altitude in the troposphere?
What is the temperature drop per kilometer increase in altitude in the troposphere?
Which mine is known for its gold tailings, posing a threat to the environment?
Which mine is known for its gold tailings, posing a threat to the environment?
What is the altitude range where commercial airplanes typically fly?
What is the altitude range where commercial airplanes typically fly?
What is the primary concern of the striking miners in 2012?
What is the primary concern of the striking miners in 2012?
What is the primary characteristic of the stratosphere?
What is the primary characteristic of the stratosphere?
What is the approximate percentage of the atmosphere's mass contained in the troposphere and stratosphere?
What is the approximate percentage of the atmosphere's mass contained in the troposphere and stratosphere?
What is the term for the measure of height above sea level?
What is the term for the measure of height above sea level?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the troposphere?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the troposphere?
What is the primary reason for the importance of the atmosphere in sustaining life?
What is the primary reason for the importance of the atmosphere in sustaining life?
What is the primary purpose of blowing pure oxygen through molten iron during the refining process?
What is the primary purpose of blowing pure oxygen through molten iron during the refining process?
What is the purpose of the limestone reaction in the blast furnace?
What is the purpose of the limestone reaction in the blast furnace?
Which of the following minerals is South Africa not a leading producer of?
Which of the following minerals is South Africa not a leading producer of?
What is the primary negative impact of surface mining on the environment?
What is the primary negative impact of surface mining on the environment?
What is the purpose of the Bushveld Igneous Complex?
What is the purpose of the Bushveld Igneous Complex?
What is the final product of the refining process in the blast furnace?
What is the final product of the refining process in the blast furnace?
What is the significance of the Okiep Copper Mine in South Africa?
What is the significance of the Okiep Copper Mine in South Africa?
What is the primary use of the slag produced in the blast furnace?
What is the primary use of the slag produced in the blast furnace?
What is the primary purpose of the iron ore reaction in the blast furnace?
What is the primary purpose of the iron ore reaction in the blast furnace?
What is the significance of the Mapungubwe in South Africa?
What is the significance of the Mapungubwe in South Africa?
What is the primary reason for the temperature increase in the stratosphere?
What is the primary reason for the temperature increase in the stratosphere?
What is the term for the thinning of the ozone layer, particularly over Antarctica?
What is the term for the thinning of the ozone layer, particularly over Antarctica?
What is the primary function of weather balloons?
What is the primary function of weather balloons?
What is the result of the reaction between chlorine atoms and ozone molecules?
What is the result of the reaction between chlorine atoms and ozone molecules?
What is the lowest temperature reached in the mesosphere?
What is the lowest temperature reached in the mesosphere?
What is the term for the bright streak of light in the sky caused by a meteor burning up in the atmosphere?
What is the term for the bright streak of light in the sky caused by a meteor burning up in the atmosphere?
What is the primary characteristic of the air density in the stratosphere?
What is the primary characteristic of the air density in the stratosphere?
What is the process that causes meteors to burn up in the mesosphere?
What is the process that causes meteors to burn up in the mesosphere?
What is the term for the rock or particle from space that enters the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the term for the rock or particle from space that enters the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the result of a meteorite striking the Earth's surface?
What is the result of a meteorite striking the Earth's surface?
What is the primary reason for a star like the Sun not being able to fuse carbon and oxygen into heavier elements?
What is the primary reason for a star like the Sun not being able to fuse carbon and oxygen into heavier elements?
What is the term for the remnant core of a star that has shed its outer layers?
What is the term for the remnant core of a star that has shed its outer layers?
What is the process by which a white dwarf cools and loses its brightness?
What is the process by which a white dwarf cools and loses its brightness?
What is the term for a star that becomes extremely massive and eventually collapses into a black hole?
What is the term for a star that becomes extremely massive and eventually collapses into a black hole?
What is the term for a massive explosion resulting from the collapse of a star's core?
What is the term for a massive explosion resulting from the collapse of a star's core?
What is the term for a dense stellar remnant left after a supernova?
What is the term for a dense stellar remnant left after a supernova?
What is the process by which the outer layers of a red giant star are expelled into space?
What is the process by which the outer layers of a red giant star are expelled into space?
What is the term for the glowing shell of gas surrounding the remaining core of a star?
What is the term for the glowing shell of gas surrounding the remaining core of a star?
What is the primary process that prevents further contraction of a star?
What is the primary process that prevents further contraction of a star?
What is the term for the stage in a star's life cycle where it fuses hydrogen into helium in its core?
What is the term for the stage in a star's life cycle where it fuses hydrogen into helium in its core?
What is the primary factor that determines the characteristics of a main sequence star?
What is the primary factor that determines the characteristics of a main sequence star?
What is the process that occurs when the hydrogen in a star's core is depleted?
What is the process that occurs when the hydrogen in a star's core is depleted?
What is the term for the outflow of charged particles from a star?
What is the term for the outflow of charged particles from a star?
What is the term for the stage in a star's life cycle where it expands and cools after exhausting the hydrogen in its core?
What is the term for the stage in a star's life cycle where it expands and cools after exhausting the hydrogen in its core?
What is the approximate temperature range of main sequence stars?
What is the approximate temperature range of main sequence stars?
What is the term for the birthplaces of stars, containing gas and dust?
What is the term for the birthplaces of stars, containing gas and dust?
What is the primary reason why massive stars have shorter lifespans than smaller stars?
What is the primary reason why massive stars have shorter lifespans than smaller stars?
What is the term for the process where hydrogen nuclei combine to form helium, releasing vast amounts of energy?
What is the term for the process where hydrogen nuclei combine to form helium, releasing vast amounts of energy?
What is the primary function of the ionosphere?
What is the primary function of the ionosphere?
What is the typical altitude range for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites?
What is the typical altitude range for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites?
What is the primary reason for the extreme temperatures in the thermosphere?
What is the primary reason for the extreme temperatures in the thermosphere?
What is the primary function of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the primary function of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the term for the process of trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the term for the process of trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the typical temperature range in the thermosphere?
What is the typical temperature range in the thermosphere?
What is the term for the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that extends from about 80 km above the Earth's surface?
What is the term for the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that extends from about 80 km above the Earth's surface?
What is the primary function of the International Space Station?
What is the primary function of the International Space Station?
What is the term for the process of ionization that occurs in the ionosphere due to solar radiation?
What is the term for the process of ionization that occurs in the ionosphere due to solar radiation?
What is the primary reason for the extreme low air density in the thermosphere?
What is the primary reason for the extreme low air density in the thermosphere?
What is the primary reason for the extreme greenhouse effect on Venus?
What is the primary reason for the extreme greenhouse effect on Venus?
What is the primary mechanism by which human activities contribute to global warming?
What is the primary mechanism by which human activities contribute to global warming?
What is the primary goal of investigating COâ‚‚ levels in ice core samples?
What is the primary goal of investigating COâ‚‚ levels in ice core samples?
What is the term for the process by which nuclei of light elements combine to form heavier elements, releasing energy?
What is the term for the process by which nuclei of light elements combine to form heavier elements, releasing energy?
What is the term for the cloud of gas and dust in space where stars are born?
What is the term for the cloud of gas and dust in space where stars are born?
What is the primary characteristic of the protostar stage?
What is the primary characteristic of the protostar stage?
What is the consequence of changes in global temperatures on agricultural production?
What is the consequence of changes in global temperatures on agricultural production?
What is the term for the process by which the Earth's surface is worn away by natural forces?
What is the term for the process by which the Earth's surface is worn away by natural forces?
What is the term for the rigid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and upper mantle?
What is the term for the rigid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and upper mantle?
What is the result of the increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
What is the result of the increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
What happens to the air density in the stratosphere as the altitude increases?
What happens to the air density in the stratosphere as the altitude increases?
What is the purpose of weather balloons?
What is the purpose of weather balloons?
What is the importance of the ozone layer in the stratosphere?
What is the importance of the ozone layer in the stratosphere?
What is the main impact of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on the stratosphere?
What is the main impact of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on the stratosphere?
What is the characteristic of the mesosphere?
What is the characteristic of the mesosphere?
What happens to meteors when they enter the mesosphere?
What happens to meteors when they enter the mesosphere?
What is the term for the thinning of the ozone layer, particularly over Antarctica?
What is the term for the thinning of the ozone layer, particularly over Antarctica?
What is the purpose of radiosondes on weather balloons?
What is the purpose of radiosondes on weather balloons?
What is the result of the formation and destruction of ozone molecules in the stratosphere?
What is the result of the formation and destruction of ozone molecules in the stratosphere?
What is the characteristic of meteors that can survive their passage through the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface?
What is the characteristic of meteors that can survive their passage through the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface?
Which of the following rocks is used directly as a fertilizer or to make phosphoric acid?
Which of the following rocks is used directly as a fertilizer or to make phosphoric acid?
What is the purpose of hand sorting in mineral extraction?
What is the purpose of hand sorting in mineral extraction?
What is the primary characteristic of the thermosphere?
What is the primary characteristic of the thermosphere?
What is the function of the ionosphere in terms of radio communication?
What is the function of the ionosphere in terms of radio communication?
What is the primary function of electromagnets in magnetic separation?
What is the primary function of electromagnets in magnetic separation?
What is the common use of silicon dioxide, also known as sand?
What is the common use of silicon dioxide, also known as sand?
What is the primary reason for the high temperatures in the thermosphere?
What is the primary reason for the high temperatures in the thermosphere?
What is the International Space Station's orbiting altitude within the thermosphere?
What is the International Space Station's orbiting altitude within the thermosphere?
Which of the following is NOT a direct use of certain rocks?
Which of the following is NOT a direct use of certain rocks?
What is the primary function of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the primary function of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the purpose of washing and sorting coal into different sizes?
What is the purpose of washing and sorting coal into different sizes?
What is the importance of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the importance of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the primary purpose of separating minerals from waste rock?
What is the primary purpose of separating minerals from waste rock?
Which of the following is an example of a greenhouse gas?
Which of the following is an example of a greenhouse gas?
What is the primary limitation of hand sorting in mineral extraction?
What is the primary limitation of hand sorting in mineral extraction?
What is the process by which the Earth's surface emits infrared radiation?
What is the process by which the Earth's surface emits infrared radiation?
What is the visible phenomenon resulting from the interaction between solar wind particles and the ions in the ionosphere?
What is the visible phenomenon resulting from the interaction between solar wind particles and the ions in the ionosphere?
What is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that lies beyond the thermosphere?
What is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that lies beyond the thermosphere?
What is the temperature required for nuclear fusion reactions to begin in a star's core?
What is the temperature required for nuclear fusion reactions to begin in a star's core?
What is the primary purpose of mining activities?
What is the primary purpose of mining activities?
What is the process that prevents further contraction of a star?
What is the process that prevents further contraction of a star?
Which of the following is a major environmental concern in mining?
Which of the following is a major environmental concern in mining?
What is the term for the stage of a star's life where it fuses hydrogen into helium in its core?
What is the term for the stage of a star's life where it fuses hydrogen into helium in its core?
What is the layer of the atmosphere closest to the Earth's surface?
What is the layer of the atmosphere closest to the Earth's surface?
What determines the characteristics of a main sequence star, such as color, size, and lifespan?
What determines the characteristics of a main sequence star, such as color, size, and lifespan?
What is the main characteristic of the exosphere?
What is the main characteristic of the exosphere?
What happens to a star when the hydrogen in its core is depleted?
What happens to a star when the hydrogen in its core is depleted?
What is the term for the outflow of charged particles from a star?
What is the term for the outflow of charged particles from a star?
What is the primary function of the ozone layer in the stratosphere?
What is the primary function of the ozone layer in the stratosphere?
What is the term for the measure of height above sea level?
What is the term for the measure of height above sea level?
What is the term for the birthplace of stars, containing gas and dust?
What is the term for the birthplace of stars, containing gas and dust?
What is the primary importance of the atmosphere?
What is the primary importance of the atmosphere?
What is the term for the process where hydrogen nuclei combine to form helium, releasing energy?
What is the term for the process where hydrogen nuclei combine to form helium, releasing energy?
What is the expected lifespan of a star with 10 times the mass of the Sun?
What is the expected lifespan of a star with 10 times the mass of the Sun?
Which of the following mining sites is known for its significant diamond discoveries?
Which of the following mining sites is known for its significant diamond discoveries?
What is the color of a star with a surface temperature of 40,000°C?
What is the color of a star with a surface temperature of 40,000°C?
What is the primary concern in the mining industry in terms of worker safety?
What is the primary concern in the mining industry in terms of worker safety?
What is the term for the layer of gases surrounding the Earth?
What is the term for the layer of gases surrounding the Earth?
What is the primary purpose of refining iron?
What is the primary purpose of refining iron?
What is the reaction that occurs when the iron is heated with pure oxygen in the refining process?
What is the reaction that occurs when the iron is heated with pure oxygen in the refining process?
What is the main use of slag in the blast furnace process?
What is the main use of slag in the blast furnace process?
What is South Africa's ranking in the global production of iron ore?
What is South Africa's ranking in the global production of iron ore?
What is the primary source of platinum group metals (PGMs) in the world?
What is the primary source of platinum group metals (PGMs) in the world?
What is one of the negative impacts of surface mining?
What is one of the negative impacts of surface mining?
What is the purpose of melting the iron in the refining process?
What is the purpose of melting the iron in the refining process?
What is the byproduct of the reaction between carbon and oxygen in the refining process?
What is the byproduct of the reaction between carbon and oxygen in the refining process?
What is the main use of coal in the mining industry?
What is the main use of coal in the mining industry?
What is the significance of Mapungubwe in the history of mining in South Africa?
What is the significance of Mapungubwe in the history of mining in South Africa?
What happens to the outer layers of a medium-sized star after it becomes a red giant?
What happens to the outer layers of a medium-sized star after it becomes a red giant?
What is the ultimate fate of a white dwarf?
What is the ultimate fate of a white dwarf?
What is the result of a massive star's core collapsing?
What is the result of a massive star's core collapsing?
What is the term for the dense, hot remnant core of a star that has shed its outer layers?
What is the term for the dense, hot remnant core of a star that has shed its outer layers?
Which type of star becomes a red supergiant after its hydrogen is depleted?
Which type of star becomes a red supergiant after its hydrogen is depleted?
What is the term for the explosion resulting from the collapse of a star's core?
What is the term for the explosion resulting from the collapse of a star's core?
What is the term for the glowing shell of gas expelled by a star during its final stages?
What is the term for the glowing shell of gas expelled by a star during its final stages?
What is the result of a massive star's core collapse if it is exceptionally massive?
What is the result of a massive star's core collapse if it is exceptionally massive?
What is the purpose of density separation in mining?
What is the purpose of density separation in mining?
What is the primary method used in flotation?
What is the primary method used in flotation?
What is the purpose of chemical separation in mining?
What is the purpose of chemical separation in mining?
What is the primary effect of the thick atmosphere on Venus?
What is the primary effect of the thick atmosphere on Venus?
What is the term for the long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions?
What is the term for the long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions?
What is the primary application of size separation in mining?
What is the primary application of size separation in mining?
What is the earliest method for extracting iron?
What is the earliest method for extracting iron?
What is the primary cause of the increase in greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the primary cause of the increase in greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the purpose of refining minerals?
What is the purpose of refining minerals?
What is the term for the process of gradual change or development, specifically in the context of stars?
What is the term for the process of gradual change or development, specifically in the context of stars?
What is the term for the vast, slowly rotating clouds of cold gas and dust in space where stars are born?
What is the term for the vast, slowly rotating clouds of cold gas and dust in space where stars are born?
What is the result of using hot air in a blast furnace?
What is the result of using hot air in a blast furnace?
What is the purpose of magnetic separation?
What is the purpose of magnetic separation?
What is the primary stage in the formation of a star, characterized by the collapse of a nebula under its own gravity?
What is the primary stage in the formation of a star, characterized by the collapse of a nebula under its own gravity?
What is the chemical reaction for the earliest technique for extracting iron?
What is the chemical reaction for the earliest technique for extracting iron?
What is the term for the process by which nuclei of light elements, such as hydrogen, combine to form heavier elements, releasing energy?
What is the term for the process by which nuclei of light elements, such as hydrogen, combine to form heavier elements, releasing energy?
What is the consequence of the melting of polar ice due to global warming?
What is the consequence of the melting of polar ice due to global warming?
What is the significance of South Africa in the context of iron ore?
What is the significance of South Africa in the context of iron ore?
What is the purpose of analyzing ice core samples, historical climate data, and current atmospheric measurements?
What is the purpose of analyzing ice core samples, historical climate data, and current atmospheric measurements?
What is the result of changes in global temperatures on weather patterns?
What is the result of changes in global temperatures on weather patterns?
What is the primary characteristic of the troposphere?
What is the primary characteristic of the troposphere?
What percentage of the atmosphere's mass is contained in the troposphere?
What percentage of the atmosphere's mass is contained in the troposphere?
What causes the air movement in the troposphere?
What causes the air movement in the troposphere?
What is the temperature at the upper boundary of the troposphere?
What is the temperature at the upper boundary of the troposphere?
Why do commercial airplanes fly in the lower stratosphere?
Why do commercial airplanes fly in the lower stratosphere?
What is the approximate thickness of the troposphere at the poles?
What is the approximate thickness of the troposphere at the poles?
What is the primary component of the air in the troposphere?
What is the primary component of the air in the troposphere?
What is the term for the movement of air in the troposphere that creates convection currents?
What is the term for the movement of air in the troposphere that creates convection currents?
What is the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere marked by?
What is the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere marked by?
What is the purpose of refining iron?
What is the purpose of refining iron?
What is the byproduct of the reaction between carbon and oxygen in the refining process?
What is the byproduct of the reaction between carbon and oxygen in the refining process?
Which type of rock can be used directly as a fertilizer or to make phosphoric acid?
Which type of rock can be used directly as a fertilizer or to make phosphoric acid?
What is South Africa's ranking in iron ore production globally?
What is South Africa's ranking in iron ore production globally?
What is the purpose of hand sorting in mineral extraction?
What is the purpose of hand sorting in mineral extraction?
What is the purpose of adding limestone to the blast furnace?
What is the purpose of adding limestone to the blast furnace?
What is the primary use of slag?
What is the primary use of slag?
What is the primary use of coal that is washed and sorted into various sizes?
What is the primary use of coal that is washed and sorted into various sizes?
Which of the following separation techniques is used to separate iron ore from waste rock?
Which of the following separation techniques is used to separate iron ore from waste rock?
What is the significance of the Okiep Copper Mine?
What is the significance of the Okiep Copper Mine?
What is the result of the reaction between iron ore and carbon in the blast furnace?
What is the result of the reaction between iron ore and carbon in the blast furnace?
What is the purpose of magnetic separation in mineral extraction?
What is the purpose of magnetic separation in mineral extraction?
What is the impact of mining on the environment?
What is the impact of mining on the environment?
What is the term for the device that generates a magnetic field in magnetic separation?
What is the term for the device that generates a magnetic field in magnetic separation?
Which type of rock is used in the construction industry?
Which type of rock is used in the construction industry?
What is the purpose of the Bushveld Igneous Complex?
What is the purpose of the Bushveld Igneous Complex?
Which of the following rocks does not need to be crushed or milled for mineral extraction?
Which of the following rocks does not need to be crushed or milled for mineral extraction?
What is the primary product of the blast furnace process?
What is the primary product of the blast furnace process?
What is the purpose of density separation in mining?
What is the purpose of density separation in mining?
What is the main principle behind flotation?
What is the main principle behind flotation?
What is the primary purpose of chemical separation?
What is the primary purpose of chemical separation?
What is the final product of refining iron from iron ore?
What is the final product of refining iron from iron ore?
What is the earliest technique for extracting iron?
What is the earliest technique for extracting iron?
What is the purpose of the blast furnace in iron extraction?
What is the purpose of the blast furnace in iron extraction?
What is the chemical reaction for the earliest technique of extracting iron?
What is the chemical reaction for the earliest technique of extracting iron?
What is the name of the process that transforms solid rock into molten rock?
What is the name of the process that transforms solid rock into molten rock?
What is the purpose of size separation in mining?
What is the purpose of size separation in mining?
What is the importance of understanding the properties of minerals in mining operations?
What is the importance of understanding the properties of minerals in mining operations?
What is the main characteristic of the density in the troposphere?
What is the main characteristic of the density in the troposphere?
What is the primary component of the air in the troposphere?
What is the primary component of the air in the troposphere?
What is the main reason for air movement in the troposphere?
What is the main reason for air movement in the troposphere?
What is the approximate temperature drop per kilometer in the troposphere?
What is the approximate temperature drop per kilometer in the troposphere?
What marks the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere?
What marks the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere?
What is the main characteristic of the stratosphere?
What is the main characteristic of the stratosphere?
What is the approximate height range of the stratosphere?
What is the approximate height range of the stratosphere?
Why do commercial airplanes fly in the lower stratosphere?
Why do commercial airplanes fly in the lower stratosphere?
What is the primary location of weather phenomena?
What is the primary location of weather phenomena?
What is the temperature at the upper boundary of the troposphere?
What is the temperature at the upper boundary of the troposphere?
What is the primary purpose of mining?
What is the primary purpose of mining?
What is the layer of the atmosphere that contains the ozone layer?
What is the layer of the atmosphere that contains the ozone layer?
What is the result of the atmosphere's gravity on gas molecules?
What is the result of the atmosphere's gravity on gas molecules?
What is the primary importance of the atmosphere?
What is the primary importance of the atmosphere?
What is the characteristic of the troposphere?
What is the characteristic of the troposphere?
What is the term for the measure of height above sea level?
What is the term for the measure of height above sea level?
What is the primary concern of mining activities?
What is the primary concern of mining activities?
What is the term for the layer of gases surrounding the Earth?
What is the term for the layer of gases surrounding the Earth?
What is the characteristic of the thermosphere?
What is the characteristic of the thermosphere?
What is the concern of the striking miners in 2012?
What is the concern of the striking miners in 2012?
What is the primary function of the ozone layer in the stratosphere?
What is the primary function of the ozone layer in the stratosphere?
What is the main component of Venus' atmosphere?
What is the main component of Venus' atmosphere?
What is the main cause of the ozone hole?
What is the main cause of the ozone hole?
What is the average surface temperature on Mars?
What is the average surface temperature on Mars?
What is the characteristic of the air density in the stratosphere?
What is the characteristic of the air density in the stratosphere?
What is the purpose of weather balloons?
What is the purpose of weather balloons?
What is the primary cause of global warming?
What is the primary cause of global warming?
What is the term for the process of gradual change or development in stars?
What is the term for the process of gradual change or development in stars?
What happens to meteors when they enter the mesosphere?
What happens to meteors when they enter the mesosphere?
What is the term for a large cloud of gas and dust in space where stars are born?
What is the term for a large cloud of gas and dust in space where stars are born?
What is the term for the rock or particle from space that enters the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the term for the rock or particle from space that enters the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the result of a meteorite striking the Earth's surface?
What is the result of a meteorite striking the Earth's surface?
What is the process by which nuclei of light elements combine to form heavier elements, releasing energy?
What is the process by which nuclei of light elements combine to form heavier elements, releasing energy?
What is the consequences of global warming on polar ice?
What is the consequences of global warming on polar ice?
What is the characteristic of the temperature in the mesosphere?
What is the characteristic of the temperature in the mesosphere?
What is the term for a developing star not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion?
What is the term for a developing star not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion?
What is the primary reason for the ban on CFCs?
What is the primary reason for the ban on CFCs?
What is the result of changes in one sphere of the Earth's system?
What is the result of changes in one sphere of the Earth's system?
What is the purpose of radiosondes on weather balloons?
What is the purpose of radiosondes on weather balloons?
What is the term for the process of tracking COâ‚‚ levels over thousands of years?
What is the term for the process of tracking COâ‚‚ levels over thousands of years?
What is the thermosphere layer of the Earth's atmosphere characterized by?
What is the thermosphere layer of the Earth's atmosphere characterized by?
What is the main function of the ionosphere?
What is the main function of the ionosphere?
What is the process that creates the auroras?
What is the process that creates the auroras?
What is the greenhouse effect essential for?
What is the greenhouse effect essential for?
What is the primary mechanism of the greenhouse effect?
What is the primary mechanism of the greenhouse effect?
What is the International Space Station's orbit altitude?
What is the International Space Station's orbit altitude?
What is the thermosphere's altitude range?
What is the thermosphere's altitude range?
What is the result of the absorption of high-energy ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray radiation by the thermosphere?
What is the result of the absorption of high-energy ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray radiation by the thermosphere?
What is the function of greenhouse gases in the greenhouse effect?
What is the function of greenhouse gases in the greenhouse effect?
What would be the result if there were no greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere?
What would be the result if there were no greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the final stage of a medium-sized star like the Sun?
What is the final stage of a medium-sized star like the Sun?
What is the term for the outer layers of a red giant star expelled into space?
What is the term for the outer layers of a red giant star expelled into space?
What is the result of the collapse of a massive star's core?
What is the result of the collapse of a massive star's core?
What is the term for a star that has cooled and no longer emits light?
What is the term for a star that has cooled and no longer emits light?
What is the term for the remaining core of a star after it has shed its outer layers?
What is the term for the remaining core of a star after it has shed its outer layers?
What is the term for a massive explosion resulting from the collapse of a star's core?
What is the term for a massive explosion resulting from the collapse of a star's core?
What is the term for a dense stellar remnant left after a supernova?
What is the term for a dense stellar remnant left after a supernova?
What is the term for a region of space with gravity so strong that not even light can escape?
What is the term for a region of space with gravity so strong that not even light can escape?
What is the minimum temperature required for nuclear fusion to occur in a star?
What is the minimum temperature required for nuclear fusion to occur in a star?
What is the process by which hydrogen nuclei combine to form helium, releasing vast amounts of energy?
What is the process by which hydrogen nuclei combine to form helium, releasing vast amounts of energy?
What is the stage of a star's life cycle where it expands and cools after exhausting the hydrogen in its core?
What is the stage of a star's life cycle where it expands and cools after exhausting the hydrogen in its core?
What determines the color of a star?
What determines the color of a star?
What is the term for the outflow of charged particles from a star?
What is the term for the outflow of charged particles from a star?
What is the stage of a star's life cycle where it fuses hydrogen into helium in its core?
What is the stage of a star's life cycle where it fuses hydrogen into helium in its core?
How long does a star with 10 times the mass of the Sun remain a main sequence star?
How long does a star with 10 times the mass of the Sun remain a main sequence star?
What is the process by which helium fusion begins in a red giant star?
What is the process by which helium fusion begins in a red giant star?
What is the term for the birthplace of stars, containing gas and dust?
What is the term for the birthplace of stars, containing gas and dust?
What is the stage of a star's life cycle that lasts the longest?
What is the stage of a star's life cycle that lasts the longest?
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