Earth's Plate Tectonics

Earth's Plate Tectonics

• Earth's outermost layer is composed of large plates that move over vast time scales
• Earthquake epicenters are located along plate boundaries where plates are moving apart or colliding
• Active volcanoes are found along plate boundaries where plate movement generates stress, which is released as earthquakes
• Divergent boundaries are described as tow plates moving away, causing magma to rise, resulting in a ridge forming
• Island Province of Guimaras is situated in the Panay Gulf between Panay and Negros and may have once been connected to Panay
• Guimaras may have separated from Panay due to divergence of plates, in which the island was pulled away from the nearby plate
• Convection currents occur when warmer material rises and cooler material sinks, this moves lithospheric plates
• Ridge push occurs along divergent boundaries when magma pushes up the lithosphere creating a raised slope that slides down due to gravity, this pushes plates along
• Evidence supporting the movement of geologic plates includes similar coastlines of South America and South Africa
• This is further supported by similar rock strata of mountain systems in South Africa and Brazil, and coal deposits in Antarctica

EM Waves

• Electromagnetic (EM) waves from highest to lowest frequency: Gamma Rays, X-rays, UV rays, Visible light, Infrared, Microwaves, Radio waves
• Radio waves have the longest wavelength with the lowest energy
• EM technologies, by length of wavelengths: TV, Wireless internet, Insect trap, Night vision, Security inspection device, MRI/CT Scan
• Radio waves are applied in military communication via 2-way radio and for television signals
• Antennas in television and radio transmit and receive signals while microphones convert sound waves into electrical signals

Eye Defects

• Hyperopia, or farsightedness, occurs when the eyeball is too short, and is corrected using converging lenses

Electric Motors

• Reversing the direction of the magnetic field in a simple electric motor causes the coil of wire to rotate in the counterclockwise direction

Female vs. Male Reproductive systems

• Progesterone signals the pituitary gland to inhibit the release of FSH and LH

• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the maturation of egg cells in the ovary, estrogen production in females and sperm production in males

Nervous Systems

• In hot conditions, the brain senses that its body temperature is getting high and activates the sweat gland while also widening blood vessels

Protein Production

• When making protein, mRNA carries the genetic code and prescribes the order of amino acids, these are added to a growing protein for production
• Mutation is a change in the base sequence of DNA that may change the sequence of amino acid which codes for a protein, resulting in different proteins, or premature termination of protein synthesis

Evolution

• The fossil record, comparative anatomy, and genetics provide evidence for evolution
• Comparative anatomy shows the similarities in the anatomy of different species
• Evolution occurs through natural selection, where organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
• Finches can adapt to drought conditions and evolve larger beaks to assist with cracking harder seeds and survive to reproduce

Guinea Pig Population Changes

• Limited space in guinea pigs can cause increased aggression, resulting in the decrease fo the guinea pig population

Fish Populations

• A species of fish introduced to a new marine ecosystem may grow steadily for generations until its growth rate declines
• An increase in competition for prey and more frequent parasitic infections can cause this decline

Species Diversity and Ecosystems

• Species diversity allows for more genetic variation, increasing the likelihood of individuals having advantageous survival traits
• Ecosystems with high biodiversity can withstand environmental changes better
• The Bareback flying fox is now only found in Mambukal Resort of Negros likely due to emigration in which they departed Cebu to search for a new environment

Comparing Forest Tree Communities

• Community 2 is likely to be more resilient to changes because it has greater diversity compared to Community 1

Population Growth

• Population growth is limited by carrying capacity, which is the maximum population size an environment can sustain, which depends on available resources

Cattle Populations

• When a population of cattle’s food and space are limited, the population will slowly decline as the carrying capacity of the area has been reached

Snake and Cat Populations

• In an artificial ecology with rats, cats and snakes, when the rat population is reduced, the snake population is likely to decrease

Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law)

• Boyle's Law states that as pressure increases, volume decreases and pressure increases in a balloon, continuing to compress the air inside can cause the balloon to burst

Biomolecules

• Nucleic acids are used for the storage and transmission of genetic information

Chemical Reactions

• A + B → AB

• As substance A reacts with substance B, forming substance AB

• In a chemical reaction between A and B, adding more of only substance A results in more product AB but only limited by the amount of substance B

• When more of the product is desired, double the amount of both substance A and B must be added

• The mass of oxygen needed to produce 0.1618 g of magnesium oxide (MgO) would be 0.0642g

• Manganese dioxide is a catalyst that breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, which won’t change during the reaction, but the energy of the catalyzed reaction will be greater

• Corrosion can be controlled by greasing machines, this will increase the surface area of metal and O2 and therefore make the oxidation faster

• Chopping wood into smaller pieces increases the surface area and makes it burn more readily

Reaction Rates

• When the concentration of reactant molecules are increased, the rate of reaction also increases

• The factors that increase the rate of reaction are increased heat and catalysts

• The grains of sugar will dissolve quicker since they have a greater surface area than the cube of sugar