Earth's Mantle Investigation Planning

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What did Edmond Halley's model of Earth's structure propose?

Earth's interior is composed of multiple layers of different materials with no gaps or hollow spaces

Earth is a completely solid sphere with no inner gaps or cavities

Earth is a hollow sphere with vast caverns extending deep into its interior

Earth is composed of an outer rocky shell and an inner rocky sphere separated by a wide gap filled with glowing air (correct)

What physical phenomenon is evidence of Earth's dynamic interior according to the text?

Rainbows

Tornadoes

Auroras (correct)

Earthquakes

Why does the text mention that Edmond Halley knew his model might not be completely correct?

To discourage others from exploring similar ideas

To highlight the flaws in his model

To emphasize the limitations of scientific knowledge at the time (correct)

To undermine the importance of his contributions

What was a common belief about Earth's interior during the time of Edmond Halley's model presentation?

Many people thought that there were vast caverns extending deep into Earth's interior Signup and view all the answers

How are the structure and composition of Earth's surface relatively easy to determine according to the text?

Through direct observations and sampling of rocks and sediment on land and at sea Signup and view all the answers

What did Edmond Halley base his model of Earth's structure on?

Information and evidence available at the time, along with some nonscientific beliefs Signup and view all the answers

What type of waves expand and contract material so that it moves along the same direction as the wave is moving?

P-waves Signup and view all the answers

What type of seismic waves shear or bend material so that it moves perpendicular to the direction of the wave?

S-waves Signup and view all the answers

What causes waves of energy called seismic waves to move out in all directions?

Earthquakes Signup and view all the answers

What type of seismic waves refract as they move from one material to another?

P-waves Signup and view all the answers

Which type of seismic wave moves faster through denser, more rigid material?

P-waves Signup and view all the answers

What evidence is used by geologists to determine the characteristics of the mantle?

Chemical and physical properties of basalt Signup and view all the answers

What type of rocks are thought to be composed of mantle rock?

Basaltic lava Signup and view all the answers

Where have large sections of the oceanic lithosphere been pushed up on land, providing possible samples of Earth’s mantle?

At the base of oceanic structures on land Signup and view all the answers

What evidence do scientists use to infer that rocks in the asthenosphere are not rigid, but are plastic and close to their melting point?

Behavior of seismic waves Signup and view all the answers

What do meteorites provide evidence for?

Composition of Earth's mantle and core Signup and view all the answers

Why is it physically impossible to drill 2900 km below Earth’s surface to collect a sample of the core?

The pressure at that depth is too high for drilling equipment Signup and view all the answers

What is the evidence supporting the claim that Earth's outer core is liquid?

Seismic data showing changes in wave velocity with depth Signup and view all the answers

How do scientists infer the composition of Earth's core?

Through the composition of meteorites Signup and view all the answers

What provides additional evidence supporting the claim that Earth has an iron-rich core?

Earth's magnetic field Signup and view all the answers

What generates an electric current that produces Earth's magnetic field?

The flow of liquid iron in the outer core Signup and view all the answers

What do both the aurora and the behavior of a compass needle tell us about Earth?

They provide information about Earth’s deep interior Signup and view all the answers

What supports the idea that Earth's mass is greater than it would be if it were composed entirely from materials found at its surface?

Earth's gravitational interaction with the sun Signup and view all the answers

What type of investigations do scientists conduct to understand Earth's composition and structure?

Seismic data analysis and experiments on iron alloys crystallization Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for concluding that Earth has had a magnetic field for a long time?

Measurements of ancient rocks more than 4 billion years old Signup and view all the answers

What is inferred from mapping thousands of measurements around the globe related to Earth’s magnetic field?

The origin of Earth's magnetic field from deep within Earth, not on the surface Signup and view all the answers

What kind of experiments help in inferring what the exact composition of Earth's core is and how its composition changes with depth?

Experiments to figure out at what temperature and pressure different iron alloys crystallize Signup and view all the answers

What is the deepest borehole on Earth?

The Kola Superdeep Borehole Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of Earth can be divided into distinct layers based on chemical and physical properties?

Mantle Signup and view all the answers

What marks the boundary between the crust and mantle?

Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two most basic models summarizing our understanding of Earth’s interior?

Compositional model and structural model Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of Earth is denser than the crust due to a higher proportion of heavier elements and compression by the weight of the crust above?

Mantle Signup and view all the answers

What is the outermost structural layer of Earth made up of the crust and part of the mantle below?

Lithosphere Signup and view all the answers

In what layer of Earth is the mesosphere located?

Mantle Signup and view all the answers

What is the average density of Earth?

$5.5 g/cm^3$ Signup and view all the answers

What feature marks the boundary between the lithosphere and asthenosphere?

$Mohorovičić$ discontinuity (Moho) Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Mohorovičić discontinuity located?

$Between$ crust and mantle Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of Earth is composed of solid iron- and magnesium-rich silicate rocks?

Mantle Signup and view all the answers

What are Earth's compositional layers distinguished by?

Chemical composition Signup and view all the answers

What did Edmond Halley's model of Earth’s structure propose?

Earth is made up of an outer rocky shell and an inner rocky sphere with a wide gap filled with glowing air Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for concluding that Earth has had a magnetic field for a long time?

The behavior of a compass needle Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Mohorovičić discontinuity located?

Between the crust and mantle Signup and view all the answers

What supports the idea that Earth's mass is greater than it would be if it were composed entirely from materials found at its surface?

Mapping thousands of measurements around Earth related to its magnetic field Signup and view all the answers

What are Earth's compositional layers distinguished by?

Their density and chemical composition Signup and view all the answers

What physical phenomenon is evidence of Earth's dynamic interior according to the text?

The creation of auroras Signup and view all the answers

What evidence do scientists use to infer the characteristics of Earth’s mantle?

Analysis of the behavior of seismic waves Signup and view all the answers

Why is it almost impossible to sample Earth’s mantle directly?

The mantle is too deep underground to access for direct sampling Signup and view all the answers

Where do geologists find rocks that are thought to be actual samples of Earth’s mantle?

On the ocean floor Signup and view all the answers

What do seismic waves reveal about the density and composition of Earth’s mantle?

They reveal how seismic waves change speed and direction Signup and view all the answers

What do meteorites provide evidence for regarding Earth's composition?

They provide evidence for the layering of Earth's interior Signup and view all the answers

Why is there no direct evidence for the composition and physical properties of Earth's core?

It is physically impossible to drill deep enough to collect a sample Signup and view all the answers

What kind of waves are used to analyze data about Earth's structure?

Seismic waves Signup and view all the answers

What is the evidence supporting the claim that Earth's outer core is liquid?

Seismic data showing two internal layers: an outer core that is liquid and an inner core that is solid Signup and view all the answers

What provides additional evidence supporting the claim that Earth has an iron-rich core?

The behavior of a compass needle aligning with Earth's magnetic field Signup and view all the answers

What do both the aurora and the behavior of a compass needle tell us about Earth?

The outer core is liquid Signup and view all the answers

What do meteorites provide evidence for?

The presence of a large amount of iron in Earth and its concentration in the core Signup and view all the answers

What type of investigations do scientists conduct to understand Earth's composition and structure?

Seismic data analysis and experiments on iron alloys to understand core composition Signup and view all the answers

What supports the idea that Earth's mass is greater than it would be if it were composed entirely from materials found at its surface?

Earth’s gravitational interaction with the sun Signup and view all the answers

What was a common belief about Earth's interior during the time of Edmond Halley's model presentation?

The composition of meteorites supports the idea that there is a large amount of iron in Earth Signup and view all the answers

What does Earth's magnetic field provide additional evidence for according to the text?

The presence of a large amount of iron in Earth and its concentration in the core Signup and view all the answers

What do scientists infer from mapping thousands of measurements around the globe related to Earth’s magnetic field?

Earth has had a magnetic field for a long time Signup and view all the answers

Where have large sections of the oceanic lithosphere been pushed up on land, providing possible samples of Earth’s mantle?

Large sections have not been pushed up on land Signup and view all the answers

What is the deepest borehole on Earth?

The Kola Superdeep Borehole Signup and view all the answers

What is the most basic model summarizing our understanding of Earth’s interior based on?

Chemical composition Signup and view all the answers

What feature marks the boundary between the crust and mantle?

The Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) Signup and view all the answers

What type of seismic waves reflect off boundaries and refract when they move from one material into another?

P-waves (Primary waves) Signup and view all the answers

Where have large sections of the oceanic lithosphere been pushed up on land, providing possible samples of Earth’s mantle?

Mid-Atlantic Ridge Signup and view all the answers

What is the evidence supporting the claim that Earth's outer core is liquid?

Seismic wave behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is inferred from mapping thousands of measurements around the globe related to Earth’s magnetic field?

The complex and dynamic nature of Earth's magnetic field Signup and view all the answers

What marks the boundary between the lithosphere and asthenosphere?

The Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for concluding that Earth has had a magnetic field for a long time?

Observations of auroras and compass needle behavior Signup and view all the answers

Earth's Mantle Investigation Planning

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Questions and Answers

What did Edmond Halley's model of Earth's structure propose?

What physical phenomenon is evidence of Earth's dynamic interior according to the text?

Why does the text mention that Edmond Halley knew his model might not be completely correct?

What was a common belief about Earth's interior during the time of Edmond Halley's model presentation?

How are the structure and composition of Earth's surface relatively easy to determine according to the text?

What did Edmond Halley base his model of Earth's structure on?

What type of waves expand and contract material so that it moves along the same direction as the wave is moving?

What type of seismic waves shear or bend material so that it moves perpendicular to the direction of the wave?

What causes waves of energy called seismic waves to move out in all directions?

What type of seismic waves refract as they move from one material to another?

Which type of seismic wave moves faster through denser, more rigid material?

What evidence is used by geologists to determine the characteristics of the mantle?

What type of rocks are thought to be composed of mantle rock?

Where have large sections of the oceanic lithosphere been pushed up on land, providing possible samples of Earth’s mantle?

What evidence do scientists use to infer that rocks in the asthenosphere are not rigid, but are plastic and close to their melting point?

What do meteorites provide evidence for?

Why is it physically impossible to drill 2900 km below Earth’s surface to collect a sample of the core?

What is the evidence supporting the claim that Earth's outer core is liquid?

How do scientists infer the composition of Earth's core?

What provides additional evidence supporting the claim that Earth has an iron-rich core?

What generates an electric current that produces Earth's magnetic field?

What do both the aurora and the behavior of a compass needle tell us about Earth?

What supports the idea that Earth's mass is greater than it would be if it were composed entirely from materials found at its surface?

What type of investigations do scientists conduct to understand Earth's composition and structure?

What is the main reason for concluding that Earth has had a magnetic field for a long time?

What is inferred from mapping thousands of measurements around the globe related to Earth’s magnetic field?

What kind of experiments help in inferring what the exact composition of Earth's core is and how its composition changes with depth?

What is the deepest borehole on Earth?

Which layer of Earth can be divided into distinct layers based on chemical and physical properties?

What marks the boundary between the crust and mantle?

What are the two most basic models summarizing our understanding of Earth’s interior?

Which layer of Earth is denser than the crust due to a higher proportion of heavier elements and compression by the weight of the crust above?

What is the outermost structural layer of Earth made up of the crust and part of the mantle below?

In what layer of Earth is the mesosphere located?

What is the average density of Earth?

What feature marks the boundary between the lithosphere and asthenosphere?

Where is the Mohorovičić discontinuity located?

Which layer of Earth is composed of solid iron- and magnesium-rich silicate rocks?

What are Earth's compositional layers distinguished by?

What did Edmond Halley's model of Earth’s structure propose?

What is the main reason for concluding that Earth has had a magnetic field for a long time?

Where is the Mohorovičić discontinuity located?

What supports the idea that Earth's mass is greater than it would be if it were composed entirely from materials found at its surface?

What are Earth's compositional layers distinguished by?

What physical phenomenon is evidence of Earth's dynamic interior according to the text?

What evidence do scientists use to infer the characteristics of Earth’s mantle?

Why is it almost impossible to sample Earth’s mantle directly?

Where do geologists find rocks that are thought to be actual samples of Earth’s mantle?

What do seismic waves reveal about the density and composition of Earth’s mantle?

What do meteorites provide evidence for regarding Earth's composition?

Why is there no direct evidence for the composition and physical properties of Earth's core?

What kind of waves are used to analyze data about Earth's structure?

What is the evidence supporting the claim that Earth's outer core is liquid?

What provides additional evidence supporting the claim that Earth has an iron-rich core?

What do both the aurora and the behavior of a compass needle tell us about Earth?

What do meteorites provide evidence for?

What type of investigations do scientists conduct to understand Earth's composition and structure?

What supports the idea that Earth's mass is greater than it would be if it were composed entirely from materials found at its surface?

What was a common belief about Earth's interior during the time of Edmond Halley's model presentation?

What does Earth's magnetic field provide additional evidence for according to the text?

What do scientists infer from mapping thousands of measurements around the globe related to Earth’s magnetic field?

Where have large sections of the oceanic lithosphere been pushed up on land, providing possible samples of Earth’s mantle?

What is the deepest borehole on Earth?

What is the most basic model summarizing our understanding of Earth’s interior based on?

What feature marks the boundary between the crust and mantle?

What type of seismic waves reflect off boundaries and refract when they move from one material into another?

Where have large sections of the oceanic lithosphere been pushed up on land, providing possible samples of Earth’s mantle?

What is the evidence supporting the claim that Earth's outer core is liquid?

What is inferred from mapping thousands of measurements around the globe related to Earth’s magnetic field?

What marks the boundary between the lithosphere and asthenosphere?

What is the main reason for concluding that Earth has had a magnetic field for a long time?

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