Earthquake Wave Types
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of tectonic plate movement?

  • Pressure from the Earth’s core
  • Convection currents in the mantle (correct)
  • Magnetic fields of the Earth
  • Rigid behavior of the lithosphere

    • What happens to rocks at the mid-ocean ridges compared to those further away?

  • They are younger and less dense (correct)
  • They are thicker and more solid
  • They are older and heavier
  • They are more sedimented

    • What geological process occurs at a subduction zone?

  • Hot gases are released into the atmosphere
  • One plate moves beneath another plate (correct)
  • Two plates collide and create mountains
  • Magma rises to form new crust

    • Which layer of Earth is described as the less rigid upper part of the mantle?

    <p>Asthenosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ridge push occur?

    <p>By the upward push of the lithosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mantle convection?

    <p>Thermal convection occurring in the inner layer of the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between ocean floor rocks and continental rocks?

    <p>Oceanic rocks are generally younger than continental rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is slab pull a result of?

    <p>A subducting slab sinking into the hot mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motion of Love waves?

    <p>Horizontal motion transverse to wave direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Pacific Ring of Fire?

    <p>It is where 90% of Earth's earthquakes occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who initially proposed the idea that oceans grew from their centers?

    <p>Harry Hammond Hess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method can be used to locate an earthquake's origin?

    <p>Triangulation method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Rayleigh waves do at the Earth's surface?

    <p>Move the surface in a circular motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is seafloor spreading?

    <p>The creation of new oceanic lithosphere at divergent boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sonar?

    <p>To determine the distance of underwater objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the density in mantle convection?

    <p>Differences in temperature resulting in mass variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at a convergent plate boundary?

    <p>Plates slide towards each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the result of continental-continental convergence?

    <p>Formation of mountain ranges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a mantle plume?

    <p>It is a column of rising magma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the theory of continental drift?

    <p>Alfred Lothar Wegener</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence did Wegener use to support his continental drift theory?

    <p>Similarities in coastlines and fossils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the density of granite compared to oceanic basalt?

    <p>Granite is lighter than basalt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological feature is typically NOT associated with a transform fault plate boundary?

    <p>Volcanoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a tsunami?

    <p>A large wave caused by underwater earthquakes or landslides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force for plate motion at mid-ocean ridges?

    <p>Ridge push</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at a subduction zone?

    <p>One less dense plate goes up while a denser plate goes down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about divergent plate boundaries is true?

    <p>They create new seafloor as plates pull apart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a rift valley?

    <p>A vertical space created by plates pulling apart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plate boundary involves sliding past one another?

    <p>Transform boundary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do oceanic-continental convergence events typically occur?

    <p>At subduction zones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mantle convection?

    <p>The movement of energy in the mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from sea-floor spreading?

    <p>Creation of new oceanic crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of Glossopteris in the context of continental drift?

    <p>It is found across multiple continents, suggesting they were once connected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is evidence supporting Wegener's Continental Drift Theory?

    <p>Similarity of mountain ranges on different continents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which geological period did Cynognathus exist?

    <p>Triassic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the nature of the coal deposits mentioned in the content?

    <p>They form in sedimentary rock basins as successive layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is true of the Glossopteris seed?

    <p>It is large and bulky, likely unable to drift across oceans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects Alfred Wegener's contribution to geology?

    <p>He introduced the concept of Continental Drift Theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reptiles is known to have existed in ancient climates found across several southern continents?

    <p>Mesosaurus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term Gondwana refer to?

    <p>A supercontinent that included Southern continents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Earthquake Origins and Surface Waves

    • Earthquakes initiate at faults, weak points in tectonic plates where crust pressure releases.
    • Surface wave types:
      • Love Waves: Horizontal motion transverse to wave direction.
      • Rayleigh Waves: Move in circular motion, causing complex surface movements.

    Ocean Formation and Seafloor Spreading

    • Harry Hammond Hess theorized oceans formed from molten material emerging at mid-ocean ridges.
    • Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent plate boundaries, creating new lithosphere as rocks move from ridges.
    • Youngest rocks found at mid-ocean ridges; older rocks are further away.
    • Sediment thickness decreases closer to the ridges.

    Mantle Convection and Plate Tectonics

    • Mantle Convection: Movement within the mantle due to heat variations causes tectonic plate motion.
    • Convection currents arise from heating material in the mantle, creating density differences.
    • Ridge push: Movement caused by the lithosphere being pushed upward by convection currents below.
    • Slab pull: Occurs when a dense, subducting plate pulls down the rest of the plate.

    Tectonic Plate Structure

    • Primary Plates: Major plates covering Earth's surface include Pacific, North America, Eurasia, Africa, and more.
    • Secondary Plates: Smaller plates like the Caribbean and Nazca.
    • Plate Boundaries:
      • Convergent (colliding), Divergent (separating), and Transform (sliding).
      • Subduction zones form when dense oceanic plates go beneath lighter continental plates.

    Geophysical Features

    • Rift Valleys: Form when tectonic plates pull apart, often found under oceans.
    • Trenches: Deep seabed depressions created at convergent boundaries.
    • Volcanic Arcs: Chains of volcanoes formed at continental-oceanic convergence zones.

    Tsunamis and Earthquake Damage

    • Tsunamis, meaning "harbor wave" in Japanese, can cause severe destruction inland following seismic events.
    • Collision zones can lead to shallow earthquakes and are characterized by two continental plates converging.

    Continental Drift Theory

    • Proposed by Alfred Wegener, suggesting continents move through time. Coined in 1910, solidified by the 1960s.
    • Evidence includes:
      • Similar coastlines (e.g., South America and Africa).
      • Fossil distributions like Mesosaurus and Glossopteris across different continents.
      • Geological evidence, such as coal deposits and glacial scars.

    Geological Timelines

    • Jurassic Period: Known for dinosaurs, significant for continental geological alignments.
    • Cretaceous Period: End marked by global extinction events.

    Key Fossils and Evidence

    • Glossopteris: Significant fossil found on southern continents, indicating paleoclimates and continental connections.
    • Mesosaurus: A reptile fossil found exclusively in South Africa and South America.
    • Cynognathus and Lystrosaurus: Following fossils supporting the continental drift theory through their wide geographical spread.

    Important Terms

    • Density: Measure of mass in a given volume, crucial for understanding mantle convection dynamics.
    • Mass and Volume: Fundamental physical properties used in the study of tectonic processes.
    • Orogenic Belt: Regions of deformed rocks formed at convergent boundaries.

    Conclusion

    • The understanding of Earth's tectonic activity is crucial for predicting geological events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The processes of plate tectonics continuously reshape the planet's surface and its ecosystems.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of seismic waves with this quiz on surface waves. Learn about Love waves and Rayleigh waves, their characteristics, and how they relate to earthquakes. Test your understanding of fault lines and the mechanics of tectonic plates.

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