Earth System Science Unit 3
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Questions and Answers

What is the highest layer of the atmosphere?

  • Stratosphere
  • Exosphere (correct)
  • Mesosphere
  • Thermosphere

Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer?

  • Thermosphere
  • Stratosphere (correct)
  • Mesosphere
  • Troposphere

What is the approximate thickness of the oceanic crust?

  • 5 to 10 km (correct)
  • 70 to 80 km
  • 15 to 25 km
  • 30 to 40 km

Which layer of the geosphere is primarily composed of silicate materials?

<p>Crust (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the boundary between the crust and the mantle?

<p>Moho (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the atmosphere is known for having the coldest temperatures?

<p>Mesosphere (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the mantle is known as the lithosphere?

<p>Uppermost mantle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the atmosphere is characterized by charged particles?

<p>Thermosphere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is classified under the biosphere?

<p>Bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the layer of the atmosphere where weather occurs?

<p>Troposphere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of crust is found under the oceans?

<p>Oceanic crust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Vladimir Vernadsky popularize?

<p>Noosphere (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes how water moves into the atmosphere?

<p>Evaporation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all the water on Earth is made up of salty water?

<p>97.5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is referred to as the father of modern geology?

<p>James Hutton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Alexander von Humboldt contribute to Earth System Science?

<p>By observing the impact of atmospheric factors on life distribution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the Earth is described as the innermost layer of Earth’s interior?

<p>Inner core (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle did James Lovelock propose?

<p>Gaia hypothesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does water running through fertile soil have?

<p>It enriches the soil with minerals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of uniformitarianism imply according to James Hutton?

<p>The processes shaping Earth in the past are similar to those today (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following gases is the most abundant in the atmosphere?

<p>Nitrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Earth did Vladimir Vernadsky theorize would lead to sustainability?

<p>The development of human reason (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist studied the transfer of heat around Earth and its effect on organisms?

<p>Alexander von Humboldt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process did James Hutton conceptualize that transforms rock and soil?

<p>Weathering (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the asthenosphere that allows the lithospheric plates to move?

<p>It is hot enough to flow and minimally melt. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the composition of the core of the Earth?

<p>Primarily composed of iron and nickel. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's hydrosphere is composed of saltwater?

<p>97.5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the living organisms in the biosphere primarily interact with?

<p>Each other and the physical environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a component of the four primary subsystems of Earth?

<p>Cryosphere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biome is characterized by its ability to support various plant and animal life?

<p>Desert (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that allows the lower mantle to remain solid?

<p>It experiences immense pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a biome?

<p>A community of living organisms interacting with each other and their environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the oceans in relation to climate?

<p>They act as climate regulators by absorbing sunlight. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does soil moisture influence surface temperature?

<p>Through the energy required for evaporation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the geosphere primarily impacts climate?

<p>The crust and its topography. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a mountain range have on local weather patterns?

<p>It blocks the path of low altitude clouds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do plants and trees influence atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?

<p>They absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a large number of plants and trees are removed from an area?

<p>The levels of free carbon dioxide increase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hydrosphere in the climate system?

<p>It stores and releases large quantities of energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do dust particles in the atmosphere have on climate?

<p>They block sunlight and can alter cooling. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary product of photosynthesis in plants and photosynthetic bacteria?

<p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Through which processes does carbon from the land reach the oceans?

<p>Rivers and streams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a unique characteristic of Earth related to the oxygen cycle?

<p>Presence of free molecular oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to oxygen during aerobic respiration?

<p>It is converted into carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms are known to perform photosynthesis and produce oxygen gas?

<p>Plants and algae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant pathway through which carbon is converted into fossil fuels?

<p>Burial of dead organisms in specific environments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do biogeochemical cycles play in Earth's ecosystems?

<p>They transfer elements and compounds between the four spheres (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily responsible for the consumption of oxygen in ecosystems?

<p>Aerobic respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Noosphere

The sphere of human consciousness and reason, theorized to be the final stage in the evolution of organisms.

Vladimir Vernadsky

A Russian mineralogist and geochemist who popularized the concept of the noosphere.

Sustainability

The capacity of Earth to continue supporting human life without depleting natural resources.

Alexander von Humboldt

A 19th-century German geographer and naturalist who contributed to Earth system science.

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Uniformitarianism

The concept that geological forces today are the same as in the past, allowing us to study Earth's history through rocks.

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James Hutton

The father of modern geology. He explained how Earth forms through repeated cycles of erosion and sedimentation.

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Weathering

The process where rocks and soil change due to exposure to the Earth's atmosphere.

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Gaia hypothesis

The idea that Earth is a self-regulating system.

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Troposphere definition

Lowest layer of the atmosphere, where weather occurs.

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Stratosphere function

Contains the ozone layer protecting Earth from UV radiation.

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Mesosphere feature

Layer that safeguards Earth from space debris, coldest part.

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Thermosphere phenomenon

Layer with charged particles causing auroras and satellite orbit.

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Oceanic crust thickness

Earth's crust under oceans, 5-10 km thick.

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Continental crust thickness

Earth's crust under continents, 15-70 km thick.

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Moho definition

Boundary between the crust and mantle.

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Mantle composition

Layer below the crust, made of silicate rocks rich in magnesium and iron.

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What is the asthenosphere?

The layer beneath the lithosphere, hot enough to flow and partially melted, allowing tectonic plates to move.

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What is the lower mantle?

The layer below the upper mantle, hotter and denser, remaining solid due to immense pressure.

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What is the Earth's core?

The innermost layer, made of iron and nickel, with an outer core and an inner core.

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What is the hydrosphere?

All the water on Earth, including oceans, lakes, rivers, and ice.

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What is the biosphere?

All living things on Earth, from microbes to plants and animals.

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What are biomes?

Communities of organisms in different environments, interacting with each other and the physical world.

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What is the atmosphere?

The layer of gases surrounding Earth.

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What is the geosphere?

All the rocks, soil, and minerals on Earth, from surface to interior.

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What is the crust?

The crust is the outermost layer of the geosphere, like Earth's skin.

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What is the mantle?

The mantle is the layer beneath the crust, made of hot, semi-solid rock.

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What is the core?

The core is the innermost layer of the geosphere, made of mostly iron and nickel.

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Climate Regulation by Oceans

Oceans absorb the majority of sunlight reaching Earth, acting like a giant thermostat, influencing global temperatures.

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Soil's Impact on Climate

The amount of energy reflected back into the atmosphere is influenced by soil and vegetation. Evaporation of water from soil also affects temperature.

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Topography and Wind

Mountains and hills act as barriers, influencing wind patterns and cloud movement, affecting local weather.

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Dust's Role in Climate

Dust from land is blown into the atmosphere and interacts with solar radiation, influencing how much energy reaches Earth.

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Biosphere's Influence on Climate

Through photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, altering greenhouse gas composition and influencing climate.

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Deforestation's Effect on Climate

Removing trees increases carbon dioxide levels as there are fewer plants to absorb it, potentially affecting long-term climate change.

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Greenhouse Gases and Climate

The presence of greenhouse gases, particularly water vapor, in the atmosphere influences Earth's temperature and climate patterns.

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Hydrosphere as Climate Regulator

Oceans store and release vast amounts of energy, acting as a climate regulator by influencing global temperature variations.

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Photosynthesis

The process plants, algae, and some bacteria use to convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose (sugar) for energy and release oxygen as a byproduct.

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Carbon Cycle

The continuous movement of carbon atoms between the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, rocks, and living organisms.

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How does carbon reach the oceans?

Rivers and streams carry dissolved carbon, organic compounds, and particles like calcium carbonate shells from land into the oceans.

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Fossil Fuels

Carbon from dead organisms buried in wetlands, swamps, lakes, and deep-sea sediments for millions of years is converted into fossil fuels.

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Oxygen Cycle

The continuous movement of oxygen atoms through the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and living organisms.

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Oxygen Production

Photosynthesis is the main way oxygen gas is produced, mainly by plants, algae, and some bacteria.

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Oxygen Consumption

Aerobic respiration, a process used by organisms to create energy, consumes oxygen.

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Biogeochemical Cycle

The transfer of elements and compounds between the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, rocks, and living organisms.

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Study Notes

Unit 3: Introduction to Earth System Science

  • Unit 3 of the study guide covers Introduction to Earth System Science, with lessons on Earth System Science, The Four Subsystems of Earth, and Earth's Climate System along with the Biogeochemical Cycles.
  • The study guide also includes a list of essential questions along with a review section for each lesson.

Lesson 3.1: Introduction to Earth System Science

  • The objective of lesson 3.1 is to show the contributions of notable scientists to the understanding of Earth's systems and cite the reasons why studying Earth's systems is relevant to society.
  • Warm-up activity involves calculation of carbon dioxide emissions using a carbon footprint calculator.
  • Scientists have built the foundations for understanding Earth systems.

Lesson 3.2: The Four Subsystems of Earth

  • The objective of lesson 3.2 is to describe each major subsystem of Earth.
  • The subsystems of Earth are the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.
  • The atmosphere is made up of gases, the geosphere is comprised of soil, rocks, and minerals, the hydrosphere is made up of water, and the biosphere encompasses all living things on Earth.

Lesson 3.3: Earth's Climate System

  • The objective of lesson 3.3 is for students to explain the interactions between Earth subsystems and external forces along with their impact on Earth's climate system.
  • Warm-up activity involves describing an assigned ecosystem and identifying components that belong to the major subsystems.

Lesson 3.4: The Biogeochemical Cycles

  • The objective of lesson 3.4 is to identify biogeochemical processes and describe the movement of matter.
  • Earth's subsystems consist of compounds essential for life such as water, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen.
  • Warm up activity for lesson 3.4 involves reviewing a video about the fall of a leaf.

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Related Documents

ELS SHS Unit 3 Introduction to Earth System Science PDF

Description

Unit 3 explores the fundamentals of Earth System Science, detailing the four major subsystems: atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It emphasizes the contributions of scientists and the relevance of studying these systems to society. The unit also includes lessons on Earth's climate system and biogeochemical cycles.

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