Geography - Natural Hazards - Earthquakes & Volcanoes

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the mantle in the Earth's structure?

Solid metal

Semi-liquid metal

Solid rock

Liquid rock (correct)

The oceanic crust is less dense than the continental crust.

False

What is the main cause of plate movement?

Convection currents

The __________ plate is subducted beneath the continental plate during destructive boundaries.

oceanic Signup and view all the answers

Match the plate boundary type with its description:

Constructive = Plates move away from each other Conservative = Plates slide past each other Destructive = Plates move towards each other Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of hazard response?

Destroy Signup and view all the answers

The jigsaw theory supports the evidence of plate movement.

True Signup and view all the answers

What geological feature is created as magma rises through cracks in the mantle at destructive boundaries?

Fold mountains Signup and view all the answers

The North American plate and the Pacific plate are examples of __________ boundaries.

conservative Signup and view all the answers

Match the following examples with their respective boundary types:

North American & Eurasian = Constructive Nazca & South American = Destructive North American & Pacific = Conservative Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of volcanic activities mentioned?

Fertile soils Signup and view all the answers

Iceland uses geothermal energy for 50 percent of its energy needs.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one method used for predicting volcanic eruptions.

Monitoring through satellites Signup and view all the answers

In Nepal, approximately __________ schools had to be rebuilt or repaired after the earthquake.

1000 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following countries with their disaster responses:

Chile = Temporary repairs to a key highway within 24 hours Nepal = Stricter building codes implemented Iceland = Utilizes geothermal energy for heating Signup and view all the answers

What is a strategy for protection against natural disasters?

Constructing earthquake-proof buildings Signup and view all the answers

Intermediate responses to disasters happen weeks after a disaster has occurred.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a secondary effect of a natural disaster?

Flooding due to landslides Signup and view all the answers

Chile's government launched a housing reconstruction plan to aid nearly __________ households after the earthquake.

200,000 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an immediate response to a disaster?

Search and rescue operations Signup and view all the answers

Explain how convection currents in the mantle contribute to plate movement.

Convection currents in the mantle cause the plates to move by either pulling them apart or pushing them together, leading to different types of plate boundaries. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the differences in composition and density between continental and oceanic crust.

Continental crust is less dense and primarily made of granite, while oceanic crust is denser and made of basalt. Signup and view all the answers

What geological events occur at conservative plate boundaries?

At conservative plate boundaries, plates move past each other causing friction, which builds pressure that is released in the form of earthquakes. Signup and view all the answers

What processes lead to the presence of volcanoes and earthquakes at destructive plate boundaries?

At destructive boundaries, the denser oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental plate, causing stress and pressure that leads to the uplift of fold mountains. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the significance of the jigsaw theory in supporting the concept of plate tectonics.

The jigsaw theory posits that the continents fit together like puzzle pieces, providing evidence for their historical connection and ongoing movement across the Earth's surface. Signup and view all the answers

What role does geothermal energy play in Iceland's energy supply?

Geothermal energy powers 28 percent of Iceland's energy and helps heat pavements during winter. Signup and view all the answers

Describe one immediate response observed in Chile after the earthquake.

Chile made temporary repairs to a key highway within 24 hours following the earthquake. Signup and view all the answers

What are secondary effects of natural disasters, and how do they differ from primary effects?

Secondary effects occur hours, days, or weeks later as a result of primary effects, while primary effects are the immediate impacts of the disaster. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of hazard mapping in disaster preparation.

Hazard mapping is crucial for identifying high-risk areas to enhance disaster preparedness and response planning. Signup and view all the answers

List two strategies for protecting structures from earthquakes.

Constructing earthquake-proof buildings and implementing strict building codes are two protective strategies. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Earth's Structure

Crust = solid rock, 5-80 km thick
Mantle = liquid rock
Outer core = semi-liquid metal
Inner core = solid metal, 5500°C

Plate Tectonics

Lithosphere = crust
Asthenosphere = upper mantle
Continental crust = carries land, less dense, up to 50km thick, made of granite
Oceanic crust = carries oceans, denser (heavier), 6km thick, made of basalt
Convection currents cause plate movement
Plate boundaries:
- Constructive = plates moving away from each other, diverging, magma rises to fill gap, volcanic eruptions, small earthquakes
- Destructive = plates moving towards each other, converging, friction occurs, pressure builds, earthquakes, volcanoes, subduction. Denser plate is subducted beneath the less dense plate, resulting in fold mountains.
- Conservative = plates sliding past each other, friction occurs, earthquakes, no volcanoes, lateral ground movement
Evidence for plate movement: matching rock types, fossils, jigsaw theory
- Evidence includes:
  - matching rock types on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean
  - matching fossils on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean (e.g., Mesosaurus)
  - the jigsaw theory

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Description

Dive into the fascinating world of Earth's structure and plate tectonics with this quiz. Explore the layers of the Earth, the types of plate boundaries, and the evidence supporting tectonic movement. Test your knowledge on how convection currents drive these geological processes.