Earth Science Introduction and Structure
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of Earth's internal heat?

  • Heat left over from Earth's formation
  • Radioactive decay
  • The Sun's heat (correct)
  • Energy released from shifting tectonic plates

Order the Earth's layers from least dense to most dense:

  • Core, mantle, crust
  • Crust, mantle, core (correct)
  • Core, crust, mantle
  • Mantle, crust, core

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between density and temperature?

  • Density always increases as temperature increases.
  • Density always decreases as temperature increases.
  • Density generally decreases as temperature decreases, except for water.
  • Density generally increases as temperature decreases. (correct)

What is the primary driver of Earth's internal processes, such as plate tectonics?

<p>Heat from the planet's core (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement BEST describes the scientific method?

<p>A systematic process of observation, experimentation, and analysis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between density and the layers of the Earth?

<p>Layers with higher densities are located closer to the Earth's core due to gravity's pull. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the given information, what is the density of the layer that makes up the Earth's crust?

<p>2.7 g/cm3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following materials is NOT a component of the Earth's core?

<p>Granite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between heat and density in the process of convection, as illustrated by the lava lamp analogy?

<p>Hotter substances are less dense and rise to the top. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a significant factor in the Earth's internal structure?

<p>The pressure of the atmosphere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a hypothesis in scientific research?

<p>A testable explanation based on limited evidence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do theories differ from hypotheses?

<p>Theories are well-supported by extensive evidence and can still be challenged. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increasing diversity in science have on research?

<p>Helps to ask and study more varied questions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the peer-review process in scientific research?

<p>The background of reviewers influences data interpretation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mary Anning made significant contributions to paleontology but received little recognition because:

<p>Sexism biases in society affected her acknowledgment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is least likely to influence the interpretation of scientific data?

<p>The methodology used in experiments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fossil discovery rates can vary across regions. One potential reason for this variance is:

<p>The geological conditions favoring fossil formation in certain locations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential impact of having a more diverse scientific community?

<p>An increase in the richness of data interpretations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the process of convection in the Earth's mantle?

<p>Hot mantle rises and cool mantle sinks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary source of heat driving convection in the Earth's atmosphere?

<p>The sun (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes science from non-science?

<p>Science is based on testable hypotheses that can be disproven by evidence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Newton's theory of gravity differ from Einstein's theory of general relativity in explaining gravity?

<p>Newton's theory described gravity as a force, while Einstein's described it as a curvature of space-time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an observation that supports Einstein's theory of general relativity?

<p>The existence of Neptune. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of new data in the scientific cycle?

<p>To challenge existing hypotheses and potentially lead to new ones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is astrology NOT considered a science?

<p>Astrology's predictions cannot be tested with repeatable observations and measurements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a hypothesis and a theory in the scientific context?

<p>A hypothesis is based on limited evidence, while a theory is supported by a vast body of evidence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Density Formula

Density is calculated using the formula D=m/v, where D is density, m is mass, and v is volume.

Crust

The Earth's crust is a thin, low-density rock layer made up of granite and basalt.

Mantle

The mantle is the layer beneath the crust with higher density rocks like peridotite.

Core

The Earth's core is the densest layer, composed mainly of iron and nickel.

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Convection

Convection is the process where heat and density differences cause material to rise and sink, illustrated by a lava lamp.

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Hypothesis

Testable explanation based on limited evidence; a starting point for research.

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Theory

Well-supported hypothesis based on extensive evidence that can be disproven.

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Scientific Cycle

Process of making observations, forming hypotheses, testing, and refining theories.

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Limitations of Science

Science can be influenced by scientists' backgrounds and biases.

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Mary Anning

Pioneering fossil collector who discovered major fossils but faced sexism.

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Diversity in Science

Increasing diversity leads to richer interpretations and more questions studied.

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Personal Bias

Scientists' backgrounds can shape data interpretation and question formation.

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Fossil Discovery Bias

Fossil discoveries vary by location, affected by factors like funding and focus.

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Convection in the Mantle

The process where hot mantle rises and cools, becoming denser and sinking.

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Hotspots

Stable mantle convection points that emerge as a result of rising hot mantle material.

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Convection in the Atmosphere

Hot air rises, cools, condenses into clouds, while cooler air sinks.

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Testability in Science

Hypotheses, theories, and laws must be testable and disprovable with data.

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Newton’s Theory of Gravity

Gravity as a force, predicting Neptune's existence but failing with Mercury's orbit.

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Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity

Gravity is a curve in space-time, explaining Mercury's orbit and light redshift.

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Earth Science

The collective name for sciences studying Earth and space.

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Geosphere

The solid part of Earth including rocks and soil.

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Hydrosphere

All the water on Earth's surface, including oceans and lakes.

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Temperature and solidification

Different substances solidify at different temperatures.

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Study Notes

Earth Science Introduction

  • Earth science is the collective name for the sciences that study the Earth and surrounding space
  • It's comprised of interacting systems/spheres, including the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and the solar system/beyond

Earth Structure

  • The layers of the Earth, ordered by increasing density, are crust, mantle, core
  • The crust is made of granitic and basaltic rocks
  • The mantle is made of silicate materials
  • The core is made of iron, nickel, and sulfur
  • The crust is thin and has a low density
  • The mantle has a higher density than the crust
  • The core has an even higher density than the mantle
  • The average thicknesses of the different parts of the earth's structure are included

Spheres of the Earth

  • Geosphere: The solid Earth, including the rocks, minerals, and landforms
  • Hydrosphere: All the water on Earth, including oceans, lakes, rivers, and groundwater
  • Atmosphere: The air surrounding Earth
  • Biosphere: All living organisms on Earth

Recurring Concepts

  • Heat: Drives the Earth system through both internal and external sources
  • Density: Substances with higher density sink, and lower density rise.
  • Convection: A process where heated material rises and cooler material sinks, creating a cycle of movement. This principle applies in the mantle, atmosphere and also seen in lava lamps.
  • Gravity: A force of attraction between objects with mass

Scientific Method

  • Hypotheses: Testable explanations for phenomena based on limited evidence
  • Theories: Well-supported hypotheses based on extensive evidence
  • Strengths of science: Based on facts, testable, progressive
  • Limitations of science: Personal biases of scientists, funding biases, the need to continually interpret and analyze observations
  • Interpreting Data: Crucial to the analysis of data as biases can skew scientific findings

Trusting Information

  • Does an article contain peer-reviewed sources?
  • Examine the methods of data collection and its interpretation to discern biases

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Related Documents

GEL1 L01 Intro to Earth Science PDF

Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of Earth science, including its various spheres and the structure of the Earth. This quiz delves into the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere, as well as the Earth's layers and their characteristics. Test your knowledge on how these components interact within our planet systems.

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