Earth Science: Fossil Dating and Endosymbiosis

False (B)

Radioactive decay

<p>3.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Origination of life = 3.5 BYA Oxygen production = 2.7 BYA Eukaryotes = 2.5 BYA Multicellularity = 1.2 BYA Animals = 0.635 BYA Vertebrates = 0.52 BYA Mammals = 0.245 BYA Primates = 0.065 BYA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They originated as mutualistic endosymbiotes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>circular chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Size and structure = Similar to prokaryotes Double membrane = Resulting from endocytosis Own ribosomes = Prokaryote-like ribosomes Reproduction = By binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Miller-Urey Experiment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Endosymbiotic Theory suggests that eukaryotic cells originated from prokaryotic organisms through symbiotic relationships, leading to complex life forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>absolute</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotic World = The Earth was dominated by simple, single-celled organisms without a nucleus. Horizontal Gene Transfer = The process by which organisms obtain genetic material from other organisms instead of solely from parental organisms. Romer's Gap = A period in Earth's history with limited fossil evidence, specifically between 345 and 360 million years ago. RNA World = A hypothesis that proposes RNA as the first self-replicating molecule in the origin of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pangaea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of organic molecules = The creation of building blocks of life Cell membrane formation = Surrounding organic molecules for protection Establishment of DNA and proteins relationship = Coordinating life functions Initiation of metabolism = Starting biochemical processes within cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cold temperatures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All natural phenomena can be explained by the application of natural laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10:40 pm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygenic photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>prokaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Life began = ~5:20 am Oxygen produced = ~9:36 am First multicellular organisms = ~5:36 pm First mammals = ~10:42 pm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterotrophs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.52 billion years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lead to the production of novel proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The proliferation of proteins connected by RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of Organic Molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>I. Formation of Organic Molecules = Creation of simple biological building blocks II. Formation of Membranes = Encapsulation of molecules leading to cellular structures III. RNA World to DNA transition = Shift from RNA-based life to DNA-based life IV. Initiation of Metabolic pathways = Beginning of chemical reactions for energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations and chemical selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The theory of Earth's crust being broken into plates under continents and oceans.

A supercontinent that existed about 200 million years ago before breaking apart.

Earth has gradually cooled since its formation, with extreme drops in temperature.

Early Earth had little free O2, acidic water, and high temperatures.

Life originated through natural laws applied to chemistry.

Cells are the basic units of life.

Substances that are essential for the formation of cells.

Structures that separate the inside of a cell from its environment.

The set of chemical reactions that occur within a cell to maintain life.

Simple, primitive cell-like structures that may have led to the development of true cells.

Changes in DNA that can lead to new traits or functions in organisms.

The process by which lipid membranes spontaneously form to create cell boundaries.

The theory that early life forms were based on RNA molecules before DNA became predominant.

The start of complex biochemical processes that convert nutrients into energy.

The process by which certain chemical compounds become more prevalent due to advantageous reactions.

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus.

Prokaryotes emerged around 3.5 billion years ago.

Layered structures formed by prokaryotic fossils in sediment.

Process where bacteria produce oxygen from sunlight.

Hypothesized early stage of life where RNA was primary.

The stage of life where DNA became the primary genetic material.

Organisms with complex cells that contain a nucleus.

The condition of being composed of multiple cells.

Theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as mutualistic prokaryotes that became organelles.

Factors supporting the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts include size, structure, and genetic similarities to prokaryotes.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have two membranes, suggesting they arose from engulfed prokaryotes.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own circular DNA, resembling bacterial genomes.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce independently by splitting, similar to prokaryotes.

An experiment that simulated early Earth conditions to form organic molecules.

The era dominated by simple, unicellular organisms without a nucleus.

A method to determine the age of fossils based on their position in rock layers.

The time it takes for half of K40 to decay into Ar40, which is 1.3 billion years.

If a fossil contains 80g of K40 from an original 500g, it is approximately 2.6 billion years old.

C14 decays to C12 with a half-life of 6,000 years.

After three half-lives (18,000 years), the fossil would have 12.5% C14 remaining.

Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution where the best-adapted individuals survive and reproduce.