Questions and Answers
What is the outermost layer of the Earth called?
What is the second layer of the Earth that consists of 75% of its mass?
Mantle
What is twice as dense as the Earth's mantle?
Core
How many separate pieces make up the crust and rigid part of the upper mantle?
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Fault lines are places where tectonic plates slide relative to each other.
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What scale measures earthquake intensity?
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Igneous rock is formed by what process?
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What type of rock is formed by the gradual depositing of materials?
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Metamorphic rock is formed when existing rock is altered by what factors?
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Where does most weather occur in the Earth's atmosphere?
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What is the name of the second level of Earth's atmosphere where airflow is horizontal?
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In which atmospheric layer do we see shooting stars?
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What is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere in which temperature increases with altitude?
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What celestial body does our solar system revolve around?
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Which planets are referred to as terrestrial planets?
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Name the four gas giant planets beyond Mars.
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What happens when a comet falls into the Earth's atmosphere?
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What is the gravitational pull between the moon and Earth responsible for?
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What is the measurement of weight measured in?
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What is the term for the measurement of a three-dimensional space?
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What does temperature measure?
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At what temperature does water freeze in Celsius?
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At what temperature does water boil in Fahrenheit?
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How is the Kelvin scale determined?
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What is physics the science of?
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What term describes the rate at which an object changes position?
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What does momentum depend on?
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What is the rate of change in velocity called?
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What is force defined as?
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What is energy the capacity to do?
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Sound waves occur when an object __________.
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What is the Doppler effect?
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What is conduction?
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What is convection?
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What does radiation refer to in terms of heat transfer?
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What is an element?
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What is an atom?
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What is a proton?
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What is a neutron?
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What is an electron?
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What is a molecule?
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Study Notes
Earth Layers
- Crust is the outermost layer, constituting 1% of Earth's total mass.
- Mantle is the second layer, making up 75% of Earth's mass.
- Core, the centermost part, is twice as dense as the mantle due to its metallic composition.
Geological Features
- Plates are 30 separate pieces forming the crust and upper mantle’s rigid section.
- Fault lines are areas where tectonic plates slide against one another.
Earthquake Measurement
- The Richter scale is used to measure earthquake intensity.
Types of Rocks
- Igneous rock forms from the solidification of molten rock (e.g., granite, basalt).
- Sedimentary rock derives from the accumulation of sediments (e.g., sandstone, fossils).
- Metamorphic rock results from existing rocks altered by heat and pressure (e.g., marble, slate).
Atmospheric Layers
- Troposphere is the lowest layer where weather occurs.
- Stratosphere features horizontal airflow and is the second atmospheric layer.
- Mesosphere is the third layer where meteors burn up.
- Thermosphere is the uppermost atmospheric layer, with temperatures increasing at higher altitudes.
Solar System
- The Sun is the central star around which the solar system revolves.
- Terrestrial planets include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
- Outer planets are gaseous giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Celestial Objects
- Asteroids are rocky bodies in space.
- Meteors are comets that enter Earth's atmosphere.
- Meteorites are comets that land on Earth’s surface.
Oceanic Influences
- Tides result from the gravitational pull between the Moon and Earth affecting ocean levels.
Measurement Concepts
- Mass is a measure of weight, reported in grams, kilograms, and milligrams.
- Volume describes three-dimensional space, typically in cubic centimeters.
- Temperature quantifies heat; it can be measured in Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin.
Physics Fundamentals
- Physics is the study of properties, changes, and interactions of matter.
- Velocity measures the rate of positional change.
- Momentum refers to an object's tendency to maintain its motion (mass x velocity).
- Acceleration is the change in velocity over time.
Forces and Energy
- Force is a push or pull affecting an object's speed or direction.
- Energy is the capacity to perform work.
Wave Phenomena
- Sound waves are produced by vibrating objects, disturbing their medium.
- The Doppler effect occurs when the source or listener of sound moves.
Heat Transfer Methods
- Conduction is direct heat transfer by contact (e.g., touching a hot surface).
- Convection is uneven heat transfer in liquids or gases, affecting density.
- Radiation involves heat transmission via electromagnetic waves.
Elements and Atoms
- An element cannot be separated into simpler substances through ordinary chemical means.
- An atom is the smallest component of an element preserving its properties.
- Protons are neutral subatomic particles in the nucleus.
- Neutrons, also located in the nucleus, have no charge.
- Electrons are negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus.
Molecular Structure
- A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound that retains its characteristics.
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Test your knowledge of Earth and physical science with these flashcards. Learn about the crust, mantle, core, and tectonic plates through key definitions and concepts. Perfect for students and anyone interested in geology!