Earth Science Basics

Study of the Earth's physical structure, composition, and processes
Divided into:
- Geology: study of the Earth's solid and rocky parts
- Meteorology: study of the Earth's atmosphere and weather
- Hydrology: study of the Earth's water
- Oceanography: study of the Earth's oceans
Key concepts:
- Plate tectonics: movement of the Earth's crust
- Weathering and erosion: processes that shape the Earth's surface
- Water cycle: continuous process of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation

Study of the composition, properties, and reactions of matter
Divided into:
- Organic chemistry: study of carbon-containing compounds
- Inorganic chemistry: study of non-carbon-containing compounds
- Physical chemistry: study of the physical properties and behavior of matter
Key concepts:
- Atomic structure: protons, neutrons, and electrons
- Periodic table: organization of elements by properties
- Chemical reactions: processes involving the transformation of substances
- Stoichiometry: study of the quantitative relationships in chemical reactions

Study of the natural world around us, focusing on energy, matter, and the fundamental laws that govern the behavior of the physical universe
Divided into:
- Mechanics: study of motion, force, and energy
- Thermodynamics: study of heat, temperature, and energy transfer
- Electromagnetism: study of electricity, magnetism, and electromagnetic waves
Key concepts:
- Newton's laws of motion: descriptions of force and motion
- Energy types: kinetic, potential, thermal, and electromagnetic
- Waves and particles: dual nature of light and matter

Study of the universe beyond the Earth's atmosphere
Divided into:
- Planetary science: study of planets, moons, and asteroids
- Stellar astronomy: study of stars and their life cycles
- Galactic astronomy: study of galaxies and the universe as a whole
Key concepts:
- Solar system: our local planetary system
- Life cycle of stars: birth, main sequence, and death
- Cosmology: study of the origin, evolution, and fate of the universe

Study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment
Divided into:
- Botany: study of plants
- Zoology: study of animals
- Microbiology: study of microorganisms
Key concepts:
- Cell theory: all living things are composed of cells
- Evolution: change in species over time through natural selection
- Ecosystems: interactions between organisms and their environment
- Genetics: study of heredity and variation

Focuses on Earth's physical structure, composition, and dynamic processes.
Subfields:
- Geology: Investigates solid and rocky materials of Earth.
- Meteorology: Explores atmospheric conditions and weather patterns.
- Hydrology: Studies water distribution and movement on Earth.
- Oceanography: Examines ocean dynamics, ecosystems, and features.
Essential concepts include:
- Plate tectonics: Explains crust movement and geological activity.
- Weathering and erosion: Describe processes that sculpt Earth's surfaces.
- Water cycle: Illustrates the journey of water through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.

Investigates matter's composition, properties, and transformations.
Categories:
- Organic chemistry: Centers on carbon-based compounds and their reactions.
- Inorganic chemistry: Covers compounds without carbon, including metals and minerals.
- Physical chemistry: Merges chemical and physical principles to analyze matter's behavior.
Fundamental ideas encompass:
- Atomic structure: Consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Periodic table: Organized display of elements based on atomic properties.
- Chemical reactions: Involve the change of substances through reactants and products.
- Stoichiometry: Focuses on quantitative aspects of reactants and products in reactions.

Studies the principles and laws governing energy, matter, and natural phenomena.
Branches:
- Mechanics: Analyzes motion, forces, and energy interactions.
- Thermodynamics: Examines heat energy, temperature changes, and laws of conservation.
- Electromagnetism: Investigates electric and magnetic forces, along with electromagnetic radiation.
Important concepts include:
- Newton's laws of motion: Fundamental principles describing object motion under forces.
- Energy types: Encapsulates kinetic, potential, thermal, and electromagnetic energy forms.
- Waves and particles: Dual characteristics of light and matter highlighting their wave-particle dynamics.

Explores celestial bodies and the cosmos beyond Earth's atmosphere.
Areas of study:
- Planetary science: Focuses on planets, moons, and smaller celestial bodies.
- Stellar astronomy: Investigates stars, their formation, evolution, and end stages.
- Galactic astronomy: Studies galaxies, their structures, formation, and dynamics.
Key principles include:
- Solar system: Comprises the sun and all celestial entities orbiting it.
- Life cycle of stars: Describes stages from formation to supernova or stellar remnants.
- Cosmology: Analyzes the universe's origin, development, and ultimate fate.

Explores living organisms, their functions, and interactions with their habitats.
Divided into:
- Botany: Studies plant life, classification, and processes.
- Zoology: Examines animal biology, behavior, and classifications.
- Microbiology: Investigates microscopic organisms, including bacteria and viruses.
Central concepts include:
- Cell theory: Asserts all living organisms are composed of cells.
- Evolution: Examines species adaptation and transformation through natural selection.
- Ecosystems: Studies the interdependence among organisms in various habitats.
- Genetics: Focuses on inheritance, genetic variation, and the molecular basis of biological traits.