Earth Science 1st Quarter Review

Moon and Earth

• The moon stabilizes Earth's axial tilt, contributing to climate stability.
• Its gravitational pull affects Earth's tides and helps maintain a habitable environment.

Factors for Habitability

• Key factors include temperature, atmosphere, nutrients, and energy availability.

Earth Systems

• Systems are interconnected components functioning together to produce outcomes.
• Earth's systems are classified as open systems, though the Earth system as a whole is a closed system with limited matter exchange.

Closed System Definition

• A closed system exchanges only heat/energy, not matter.
• Earth's four main systems: biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere.

Earth’s Four Systems

• Biosphere: Encompasses all living organisms.
• Hydrosphere: Includes all forms of water, such as rivers, lakes, and ice.
• Atmosphere: A mixture of gases surrounding Earth, functioning as a protective blanket.
• Geosphere: Consists of geological structures like mountains and valleys.

Mineral Characteristics

• Minerals are naturally occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substances with a defined chemical composition.

Rocks Composition

• Rocks are aggregates of one or more minerals, forming distinct geological materials.

Physical Properties of Minerals

• Crystal Form: Reflects internal atomic arrangement and determines the mineral's appearance.
• Luster: Indicates how light interacts with a mineral's surface; can be shiny or dull.
• Color: Often unreliable for identification due to possible color variations from impurities.
• Streak: The color of a mineral in powdered form is more reliable than its visible color.
• Hardness: Measured using Mohs Scale; talc is the softest while diamond is the hardest.
• Cleavage: Describes minerals that break along smooth surfaces.
• Fracture: Minerals that break irregularly without smooth cleavage surfaces.
• Specific Gravity: The ratio of a mineral's weight compared to an equal volume of water, usually between 2.6 and 3.4.

Abundant Elements in Earth's Crust

• The most prevalent elements: Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, which are foundational to numerous minerals.

True-False Statements

• False: Not all minerals exhibit cleavage.
• True: Rocks consist of one or more minerals.
• True: Most minerals have economic significance.
• True: Most minerals have higher specific gravity than water.
• True: Micas display sheet-type cleavage.
• True: Minerals can consist of a single element.
• False: Not all known minerals exceed 3,900.
• False: Corundum is not the hardest, diamond is.
• True: The Mohs scale describes hardness.
• False: Solid ice is classified as a mineral.

Other Mineral Properties

• Magnetism: Some minerals, like magnetite, are magnetically attractive.
• Taste, Odor, Feel: Certain minerals are identifiable by sensory properties.
• Reactivity with Acid: Assists in identifying specific minerals, such as carbonates.
• Density: Measures mass relative to volume, assisting in mineral identification.

Mineral Classification

• Silicate Minerals: Most abundant, containing silicon and oxygen.
• Non-Silicate Minerals: Constitute only about 5% of the Earth's crust.

This quiz reviews key concepts in Earth Science related to the factors that make Earth habitable and the role of the moon in stabilizing our climate. It also explores the interconnected systems on our planet. Test your understanding of these fundamental topics and their importance to life on Earth.