Earth and Space Quiz

Layers of the Earth:
- Crust: Thin outer layer, solid rock.
- Mantle: Thick middle layer, semi-solid rock, convection currents occur here.
- Outer Core: Liquid layer made of iron and nickel.
- Inner Core: Solid, dense center, with high temperatures.
Planets in the Solar System:
- Eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
- Inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars (rocky).
- Outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune (gas giants).
Phases of the Moon:
- New Moon, Waxing Crescent, First Quarter, Waxing Gibbous, Full Moon, Waning Gibbous, Last Quarter, Waning Crescent.
Earth's Rotation and Revolution:
- Rotation: Earth spins on its axis every 24 hours, causing day and night.
- Revolution: Earth orbits the Sun once a year (approximately 365 days).
Weather and Climate:
- Weather: Short-term atmospheric conditions.
- Climate: Long-term weather patterns in an area.
- Factors affecting climate: Latitude, altitude, proximity to water.

States of Matter:
- Solid: Definite shape and volume.
- Liquid: Definite volume, takes the shape of the container.
- Gas: No definite shape or volume, fills the container.
Physical and Chemical Changes:
- Physical Change: Change in form or appearance (e.g., ice melting).
- Chemical Change: Changes the substance into a new one (e.g., rusting).
Energy:
- Types: Kinetic (movement), potential (stored), thermal, chemical, electrical.
- Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Simple Machines:
- Types: Lever, pulley, inclined plane, wheel and axle, screw, wedge.
- Purpose: To make work easier by multiplying force or changing direction.

Classification of Living Things:
- Five Kingdoms: Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protista, Monera.
- Key characteristics: Cellular organization, metabolism, growth, reproduction, response to stimuli.
Basic Needs of Living Organisms:
- Air: Oxygen for respiration.
- Water: Vital for all life processes.
- Food: Energy source, provides nutrients.
Ecosystems:
- Definition: Community of living organisms and their physical environment.
- Components: Producers (plants), consumers (animals), decomposers (fungi, bacteria).
Life Cycles:
- Stages of development (e.g., birth, growth, reproduction, death).
- Metamorphosis: Transformational life cycle (e.g., caterpillar to butterfly).
Human Body Systems:
- Major systems: Circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, musculoskeletal.
- Functions: Support, movement, nutrient processing, waste removal, sensory response.

The Earth is made up of four main layers: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.
The crust is the thin, solid outer layer composed of rock.
The mantle is a thick, semi-solid layer beneath the crust, composed of rock that can flow slowly due to convection currents.
The outer core is a liquid layer composed primarily of iron and nickel.
The inner core is the solid, dense center of the Earth, containing iron and nickel at extremely high temperatures and pressure.

Our solar system consists of eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are rocky planets with solid surfaces.
The outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are gas giants, primarily composed of gas with no solid surface.

The Moon's phases are caused by the changing angles at which we see the illuminated portion of the Moon as it orbits the Earth.
The eight phases of the Moon are: New Moon, Waxing Crescent, First Quarter, Waxing Gibbous, Full Moon, Waning Gibbous, Last Quarter, and Waning Crescent.

Earth rotates on its axis every 24 hours, causing day and night.
Earth revolves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit, completing one revolution approximately every 365 days, resulting in a year.

Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions, including temperature, precipitation, wind, and humidity.
Climate represents the long-term weather patterns in a specific region, influenced by factors like latitude, altitude, and proximity to water bodies.

A physical change alters the appearance or form of a substance but does not change its chemical composition.
A chemical change transforms a substance into a new one with different properties.

Energy can exist in various forms, including kinetic (movement), potential (stored), thermal (heat), chemical, and electrical.
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Six types of simple machines make work easier: lever, pulley, inclined plane, wheel and axle, screw, and wedge.
Simple machines can multiply force, change the direction of force, or both, making tasks less demanding.

Living organisms are classified into five kingdoms: Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protista, and Monera.
All living things share key characteristics: cellular organization, metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli.

An ecosystem comprises a community of living organisms (biotic factors) interacting with their non-living environment (abiotic factors).
Ecosystems consist of producers (plants), consumers (animals), and decomposers (fungi and bacteria).
Producers convert sunlight into energy, consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms, and decomposers break down organic matter.

Life cycles describe the stages of development through which organisms pass, from birth to death.
Some organisms undergo metamorphosis, a transformational life cycle involving significant changes in form and structure (e.g., caterpillar to butterfly).

The human body is composed of multiple organ systems working together to maintain life functions.
Major systems include the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, and musculoskeletal systems.
These systems perform vital tasks like transport of nutrients and oxygen, gas exchange, food digestion, sensory responses, and support and movement.