Earth 107: Volcanoes and Earthquakes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of fault is primarily associated with earthquakes along the west coast of the United States?

  • Strike-slip fault
  • Normal fault
  • Transform fault (correct)
  • Reverse fault

What is the nature of the earthquake hazard in Michigan compared to the New Madrid zone?

  • Michigan has a higher risk of earthquakes than New Madrid.
  • They both have similar earthquake hazards.
  • Michigan's risk is independent and does not compare.
  • Michigan has a lower risk of earthquakes than New Madrid. (correct)

Which of the following regions is recognized as an intraplate earthquake zone in the United States?

  • Hawaiian earthquake zone
  • California earthquake zone
  • Alaska earthquake zone
  • New Madrid earthquake zone (correct)

Which of the following volcanic features is the largest?

<p>Stratovolcanos (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding seismic waves is NOT correct?

<p>S waves can travel through liquids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do lake eruptions pose a risk to human life?

<p>All of the above are potential dangers from lake eruptions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a volcanic crater from a caldera?

<p>They are formed through different mechanisms (B), They differ in size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wave is typically responsible for the greatest amount of ground shaking during an earthquake?

<p>Love wave (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which volcanic feature is usually the largest?

<p>Caldera (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which volcanic feature is associated with the most explosive eruptions?

<p>Stratovolcanos (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of wave does the direction of particle motion run perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation?

<p>S wave (A), Love wave (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following locations is NOT considered to be a significant area of earthquake activity in the United States?

<p>Michigan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is more likely to be associated with explosive eruptions?

<p>Caldera (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of eruptions are considered explosive?

<p>Pyroclastic flows (B), Plinian eruptions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a stratovolcano compare to a shield volcano?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is correct regarding volcanic activity in the solar system?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many seismic stations are required to accurately determine the epicenter of an earthquake?

<p>Three seismic stations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in energy release when the Richter scale magnitude increases by one?

<p>Roughly a factor of 3. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between earthquake magnitude and intensity?

<p>Magnitude measures the entire earthquake, while intensity measures local destruction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about larger earthquakes compared to smaller ones is incorrect?

<p>Smaller earthquakes kill more people than larger earthquakes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can earthquakes be forecasted presently?

<p>Earthquakes cannot be forecasted. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component does a seismograph use to measure ground motion?

<p>A pen attached to a pendulum with a stationary drum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors are assessed in earthquake risk evaluation?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ground is likely to amplify shaking during an earthquake?

<p>Loose soil. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors primarily causes most deaths during significant earthquakes?

<p>Tsunami. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is NOT associated with volcanic eruptions?

<p>Earthquake. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do most land volcanoes typically occur?

<p>Subduction zones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What observation supports the conclusion that the outer core is liquid?

<p>S-wave shadow patterns. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which prediction regarding plate motions is NOT accurate?

<p>The Mediterranean Sea will expand. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which planetary body is known for being the most volcanically active?

<p>Jupiter's satellite Io. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of landslides triggered by earthquakes?

<p>Soil liquefaction during the shaking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the characteristics of continental and oceanic crust?

<p>Continental crust is generally thicker than oceanic crust. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between large earthquakes and large volcanic eruptions?

<p>Large earthquakes are more energetic than large volcanic eruptions and kill more people. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that leads to explosive volcanic eruptions?

<p>High viscosity leads to explosive eruptions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a known major fault has frequent small earthquakes, what can be inferred about living nearby?

<p>It is relatively safe to live nearby. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implication does a long period without eruptions have for a volcano?

<p>It is relatively safe to live nearby. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following natural hazards is categorically present in California?

<p>Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What natural hazards can be found in Michigan?

<p>None of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which volcanic field has erupted more than 1000 km3 in its geological history?

<p>Yellowstone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum requirement for gas-driven volcanic eruptions?

<p>A gas component must be dissolved in a liquid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the epicenter and the hypocenter of an earthquake?

<p>The hypocenter is the actual location of an earthquake inside the Earth, and the epicenter is the projection of the hypocenter to Earth’s surface. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Richter magnitude scale measure?

<p>The local ground motion of an earthquake. (A), The size of an earthquake. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Mercalli intensity scale specifically measure?

<p>Local destruction and the effects felt by people. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes ground shaking during an earthquake?

<p>The type of ground can significantly influence the shaking experienced, especially near the epicenter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate surface temperature of the Earth?

<p>300 K (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what depth is the core-mantle boundary located approximately?

<p>2890 km (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon can indicate that a tsunami is approaching?

<p>A sudden and rapid retreat of ocean water from the beach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes a tsunami?

<p>A sudden displacement of a large body of water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which systems are capable of producing volcanic eruptions?

<p>All listed options. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is critical for initiating an explosive volcanic eruption?

<p>Lower pressure allowing gas bubbles to form. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components are required for an explosive volcanic eruption?

<p>Gas and liquid components. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate exit eruption velocity during a large explosive eruption?

<p>About the speed of sound for gas-magma mixture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do volcanic eruptions generally have on climate?

<p>Both temporary cooling and long-term warming. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which volcanic field in the US has produced explosive eruptions exceeding 1000 km3?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to theories about magma fragmentation, what would be a plausible trigger for a pyroclastic flow?

<p>Low initial water concentration and a sudden collapse. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the order of eruption volume for the largest known explosive eruptions?

<p>3000 km3. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which volcanic feature is most commonly associated with non-explosive eruptions?

<p>Shield volcano (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a caldera from a crater?

<p>A caldera forms from the collapse of a volcano post-eruption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is least likely to contribute to an explosive eruption?

<p>Low viscosity of magma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with an oceanic hotspot?

<p>A linear string of volcanic islands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to stratovolcanoes, which of the following is true about shield volcanoes?

<p>They have a broader base and gentle slopes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which eruption type is recognized as non-explosive?

<p>Lava dome eruption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The typical volume of a flood basalt province is approximately:

<p>100,000 km3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of eruption is most likely to produce pyroclastic flows?

<p>Plinian eruption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with volcanic activities at mid-ocean ridges?

<p>High volume eruptions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a caldera from a volcanic crater?

<p>Calderas are formed by the collapse of land after a massive eruption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which volcanic feature is typically the smallest in size?

<p>Cinder cone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option accurately describes the type of eruptions associated with stratovolcanoes?

<p>Highly explosive and dangerous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the majority of Indonesia's volcanoes located?

<p>Along subduction zones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically a reason that mid-ocean ridge volcanism is not often discussed as a hazard?

<p>They result in large explosive events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily differentiates flood basalt provinces from other volcanic features?

<p>Lava flows of greater thickness and extent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about calderas is true?

<p>Calderas often indicate significant past explosive eruptions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Intraplate earthquake zone

An earthquake zone that occurs not at a plate boundary, but within a tectonic plate.

New Madrid zone

A significant earthquake hazard zone in the central United States.

West Coast Earthquakes

Earthquakes occurring along the western edge of the US, primarily due to transform faults and subduction zones.

Earthquake waves: P-waves

Primary waves; the fastest seismic waves, traveling through the Earth's interior.

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Earthquake waves: S-waves

Secondary waves; slower than P-waves, traveling through the Earth's interior.

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Earthquake waves: Surface waves

Waves that travel along the Earth's surface; slower than body waves and cause more ground shaking.

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Transform fault

A type of plate boundary where plates slide past each other horizontally.

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Subduction zone

A type of convergent plate boundary where one plate slides beneath another.

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Earthquake Epicenter Location

To pinpoint the earthquake's origin, you need data from at least three seismic stations.

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Richter Scale Magnitude Difference

A one-unit difference on the Richter scale represents a roughly 32-fold increase in energy.

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Earthquake Magnitude vs. Intensity

Magnitude measures the earthquake's overall size, intensity shows its local effect (destruction).

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Earthquake Frequency and Size

Smaller earthquakes are much more frequent than larger ones, but larger earthquakes release significantly more energy overall.

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Earthquake Forecasting

Accurate earthquake prediction isn't possible presently.

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Seismograph Mechanism

A seismograph uses a pendulum to detect ground motion, recorded on a moving drum.

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Earthquake Risk Factors

Earthquake risk assessment considers past events, ground type, and active fault lines.

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Amplifying Ground Shaking

Loose soil amplifies ground shaking during earthquakes, while bedrock does not.

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Epicenter vs. Hypocenter

The hypocenter (or focus) is the point inside the Earth where an earthquake originates. The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the hypocenter.

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Richter Magnitude

A measure of the strength of an earthquake, based on the amplitude of seismic waves recorded on a seismograph.

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Mercalli Intensity Scale

Measures the intensity of an earthquake based on the observed effects on people, structures, and the environment.

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Earthquake Shaking & Ground Type

The amount of shaking during an earthquake is influenced by both the distance from the epicenter and the type of ground.

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Earth's Surface Temperature

The Earth's surface temperature is roughly 300 Kelvin (27 degrees Celsius).

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Earth's Core Temperature

The temperature at the Earth's core is roughly 5000 Kelvin (4727 degrees Celsius).

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Core-Mantle Boundary

The boundary between the Earth's core and mantle lies at approximately 2890 kilometers depth.

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Earth's Core Composition

The Earth's core is primarily composed of iron (Fe) metal.

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Largest Volcanic Feature

The largest volcanic feature is the caldera

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Volcanic Crater vs. Caldera

Volcanic crater is a small depression at the top of a volcano, while caldera is a much larger depression formed by the collapse of a volcano's summit after a massive eruption.

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Most Explosive Feature

Stratovolcanos are associated with the most explosive eruptions.

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Explosive Eruptions Association

Calderas are more likely associated with explosive eruptions compared to lava flows, lava domes, cinder cones, and shield volcanoes.

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Shield Volcano Features

Shield volcanoes typically include cinder cones and lava flows.

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Hawaiian Eruption

Hawaiian-type eruptions can be investigated closely due to the relatively non-explosive and predictable nature of the lava flows.

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Explosive Eruption Types

Explosive eruptions include Plinian eruptions and pyroclastic flows.

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Stratovolcano vs. Shield Volcano

Stratovolcanoes are steeper, smaller, and more explosive compared to shield volcanoes.

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Earthquake Destruction

Earthquakes cause destruction through ground shaking, tsunamis, landslides, and soil liquefaction.

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Volcanic Destruction

Volcanic eruptions can cause destruction through pyroclastic flows, tsunamis, and lahars (volcanic mudflows).

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Volcano Location

Most land volcanoes occur at subduction zones, where one tectonic plate slides beneath another.

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Earth's Interior

The Earth has a solid inner core, a liquid outer core, and a solid mantle.

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Continental vs. Oceanic Crust

Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust, and ocean islands are usually volcanic.

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Sumatra Earthquake Cause

The 2004 Sumatra earthquake occurred at a subduction zone, where one plate dives beneath another.

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Plate Motion Prediction

Scientists predict plate motions, suggesting that Los Angeles will move north, the Mediterranean Sea will disappear, and New York and London will drift further apart.

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Explosive Eruptions

These volcanic eruptions are driven by the rapid release of gases trapped within magma. They can be extremely powerful and destructive, resulting in significant explosive force and the ejection of hot ash and rocks.

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Volcanic Eruption Factors

The intensity and type of a volcanic eruption depend on several factors, including the amount of water in the magma, the magma's viscosity, and the total volume of magma.

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Earthquake Safety (Active Faults)

Even though a fault has frequent small earthquakes, it doesn't necessarily mean it's safe to live nearby. Large earthquakes can still occur along active faults.

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Volcano Safety (Dormant Volcanoes)

A volcano that has been inactive for a long time doesn't mean it's safe. Even dormant volcanoes can erupt after thousands of years.

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California's Hazards

California faces a significant risk of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

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Michigan's Hazards

Michigan has a low risk of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and lake eruptions.

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Yellowstone Hazards

Yellowstone National Park is known for its diverse geothermal features, including hot springs and geysers, and it has experienced volcanic eruptions in the past.

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Volcanic Eruptions (Gas-Driven)

For gas-driven eruptions to occur, dissolved gases in liquid magma need to be released, creating pressure. A lake is not necessarily required for this process.

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Calderas

Large, roughly circular depressions formed by the collapse of a volcano's summit after a massive eruption.

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Shield Volcano

A broad, gently sloping volcano built up by numerous lava flows, often associated with non-explosive eruptions.

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Stratovolcano

A tall, cone-shaped volcano built up by alternating layers of lava flows and pyroclastic deposits, characterized by explosive eruptions.

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Plinian Eruptions

A type of explosive volcanic eruption characterized by a tall eruption column of ash and gas that can reach heights of tens of kilometers.

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Pyroclastic Flow

A fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic debris, often associated with explosive eruptions. Highly destructive.

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Flood Basalt

A large-scale volcanic event that results in the eruption of vast amounts of basaltic lava onto the Earth's surface, forming extensive plateaus.

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Hotspot

A region within the Earth's mantle where hot magma rises to the surface, creating volcanic activity. Often associated with chains of volcanic islands.

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Explosive eruption requirement

An explosive eruption needs at least two components: a gas and a liquid for the gas to form bubbles and fragment the magma.

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Eruption Exit Velocity

The speed at which magma and gases escape from a volcano during an explosive eruption is close to the speed of sound of the mixed gas-magma.

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Explosive Eruption Formula

The exit velocity of an explosive eruption can be calculated using the formula u = (FRT)1/2, where F is the mass fraction of the gas phase, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature.

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Magma Fragmentation

A large volcanic eruption could start if a slow-growing dome collapses, triggered by high water concentration in the magma.

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Volcanic Eruption Climate Impact

Large volcanic eruptions can cause short-term cooling and long-term warming of the Earth's climate.

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Volcanic Eruption Contributions

Volcanoes have significantly contributed to the formation of the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land.

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Largest Explosive Eruptions

The largest known explosive volcanic eruptions have released a volume of over 1000 km3 of material.

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Predicting Major Volcanic Eruptions

Scientists use various observations like gas release, seismic activity, and ground swelling to forecast major volcanic eruptions.

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Distinguishing Earthquakes and Explosions

Seismologists can differentiate between earthquakes and nuclear explosions using the arrival times of different seismic waves (P and S waves), the ratio of their amplitudes, and the strength of surface waves.

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Subduction Zone Imaging

Subduction zones, where one tectonic plate slides beneath another, can be identified by seismologists because the descending slab has a different seismic velocity compared to surrounding rocks.

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Volcanic Deaths: Indonesia

Indonesia has experienced the highest number of deaths related to volcanic eruptions, largely due to its location along active subduction zones.

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Devastating Volcanic Eruptions

Historically, most devastating volcanic eruptions occur along subduction zones, where the collision of plates leads to the formation of explosive volcanoes.

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Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism

Volcanic activity at mid-ocean ridges is primarily basaltic, non-explosive, and relatively small in volume.

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Mid-Ocean Ridge Hazard

Volcanic activity at mid-ocean ridges is not considered a significant geological hazard because most eruptions occur underwater and are non-explosive.

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Study Notes

Earth 107: Volcanoes and Earthquakes Question Bank

  • Question 1: Correct answer is (B) Continental crust is much thicker than oceanic crust. Options A and C are incorrect.

  • Question 2: Correct answer is (B) Crust at Michigan is thinner than the Pacific Ocean. Option C is incorrect.

  • Question 3: Layers of the Earth (inside out): Core, mantle, crust.

  • Question 4: Earthquakes have killed the most people in the last 100 years.

  • Question 5: A major plate in plate tectonics is a continent-size surface block (oceanic and/or continental) of the Earth.

  • Question 6: The typical thickness of a tectonic plate is approximately 100 km.

  • Question 7: The boundaries between the crust, mantle, and core are determined by seismic wave velocities.

  • Question 8: Differences in Earth's interior layers (crust, mantle, core) include chemical composition, mineral phases, and liquid or solid state.

  • Question 9: The boundary between the lithosphere and asthenosphere is based on seismic wave velocities, temperature, and pressure.

  • Question 10: The division of Earth's interior into lithosphere and asthenosphere is based on mechanical properties (i.e., ability of the layer to flow.).

  • Question 11: Plate boundaries include mid-ocean ridges and collision zones of two continents.

  • Question 12: Plate boundaries include mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, and transform faults.

  • Question 13: At mid-ocean ridges, oceanic plates are moving apart, crustal age is young, and ocean water depth is shallow.

  • Question 14: Earthquakes are common at mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, and transform faults.

  • Question 15: Volcanic activities are abundant at mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones.

  • Question 16: Evidence for continental drift include matching continental coastlines, magnetic anomalies on the ocean floor, and the age of oceanic crust.

  • Question 17: There are approximately 7-15 major tectonic plates.

  • Question 18: A mid-ocean ridge is a divergent plate boundary.

  • Question 19: A convergent plate boundary may include continental-continental collisions, an oceanic plate subducting under another oceanic plate, or an oceanic plate subducting under a continental plate.

  • Question 20: The correctness regarding Earth's magnetic polarity and oceanic crust is that both are dynamic, have changed throughout history, and show magnetic anomalies.

  • Question 21: A mid-ocean ridge is a location where new oceanic crust is created, is usually near the center of an ocean, and is typically higher than surrounding ocean basins.

  • Question 22: Mid-ocean ridges have both earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

  • Question 23: Subduction zones are characterized by both earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

  • Question 24: Transform faults are characterized by earthquakes.

  • Question 25: The thickness of continental crust is typically between 10-15 km.

  • Question 26: The thickness of oceanic crust is typically between 1 to 2 km.

  • Question 27: The lithosphere includes the crust and upper mantle.

  • Question 28: A subduction zone exhibits a convergent plate boundary, volcanism, and earthquakes.

  • Question 29: Examples of continent-continent collisions include the Tibetan Plateau and the Andes.

  • Question 30: Earthquake hazard maps do not prominently feature mid-ocean ridges because earthquakes there are generally smaller and fewer people live near mid-ocean ridges.

  • Question 31: Historically, earthquake deaths have been heavily concentrated in countries like China.

  • Question 32: Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries.

  • Question 33: Historically, most earthquake deaths occur in subduction zones.

  • Question 34: Earthquake deaths in the 20th century were predominantly along subduction zones in China.

  • Question 35: A possible explanation for deadly intraplate earthquakes in China/India is the movement of the Indian subcontinent into Asia.

  • Question 36/37/38: 2004 Sumatra, 1976 Tangshan, and 1923 Tokyo were subduction zone, transform fault, and intraplate earthquakes respectively.

  • Question 39: The US states of Alaska, Hawaii, and the Western U.S. have experienced damaging earthquakes.

  • Question 40: In the contiguous US, damaging earthquakes usually occur along tectonic plate boundaries.

  • Question 41: Earthquakes occur in California, Alaska, and Hawaii.

  • Question 42: Significant earthquake hazard in the U.S. includes the West Coast and New Madrid Zone.

  • Question 43: Earthquakes are common along the West Coast due to transform faults and subduction zones.

  • Question 44: Plate boundaries in North America include divergent, convergent, and transform types.

  • Question 45: Intraplate earthquake zone examples include the New Madrid Seismic Zone.

  • Question 46: The incorrect statement is that all of California belongs to the North American Plate.

  • Question 47: Love waves are surface waves.

  • Question 48: P waves arrive first in an earthquake.

  • Question 49: Lake eruptions can kill people by asphyxiation from gases, drowning, or thermal shock.

  • Questions 50–66: These questions cover seismic waves (P, S, Love, Rayleigh), their properties, and earthquake mechanics.

  • Questions 67–74: These contain questions relating to seismic waves and their properties.

  • Questions 75–82: These questions contain information on Earth's surface and interior temperatures, depths and compositions.

  • Questions 83–90: Questions regarding tsunamis, methods for earthquake/volcanism identification and analysis.

  • Questions 91–106: These deal with features of volcanoes, their types, and sizes, emphasizing the differences between and examples of explosive and non-explosive volcanoes.

  • Questions 107–114: These questions deal with types of volcanoes, their sizes, hazards associated with them, and their relationship to tectonic plate boundaries.

  • Questions 115–122: These contain questions focused on the properties of magma and the processes that create volcanic eruptions. The associated energy and hazards are discussed.

  • Questions 123–130: Questions relating to the causes, types and dynamics of eruptions, and the associated effects.

  • Questions 131–138: Questions about past eruptions, the hazards they pose, and preventive measures.

  • Questions 139-147: Questions deal with characteristics of magma, their properties, and their relationship to volcanic eruptions.

  • Questions 148–155: Questions about natural hazards and their locations.

  • Questions 156–168: These deal with Earth's structure, tectonic plates, and mechanisms/dynamics of natural processes.

Please note that this is a broad summary. Some questions have multiple parts, or are complex, requiring more detailed study than a simple bullet point can provide.

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Earth 107: Volcanoes and Earthquakes Question Bank PDF
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Test your knowledge with this Earth 107 question bank focusing on volcanoes and earthquakes. The quiz covers topics such as layers of the Earth, tectonic plates, and the impact of earthquakes throughout history. Perfect for students looking to consolidate their understanding of geophysical processes.

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