Early Intervention for Severe Deprivation Argument
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe the system in which our memory is organized, according to scientists?

  • Superordinate category
  • Conceptual hierarchy
  • Filing system (correct)
  • Acquired equivalence

    • Which concept refers to our ability to discriminate between different things as members of the same category?

  • Categorization (correct)
  • Family resemblance view
  • Acquired equivalence
  • Filing system

    • According to historical views, when do children typically acquire concepts like 'dog'?

  • During early adolescence
  • In adulthood
  • Through environmental encounters and parental labeling (correct)
  • Through logical reasoning

    • What does the family resemblance view suggest about object categories?

    <p>They are marked by bundles of correlated attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which research program did items given the same verbal labels increase in perceived similarity?

    <p>Acquired equivalence study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text compare our memory organization to, in relation to how objects are related to each other?

    <p>A filing system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of attributes do infants use to categorize objects?

    <p>Color and facial expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In differentiating between dogs and cats, what part of the stimuli did infants mainly use in one study?

    <p>Head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the question regarding infants' behavior during experiments?

    <p>Category formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of attributes might help infants understand 'how things work differently'?

    <p>Dynamic attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may serve as a cue for infants in discriminating between categories that have a lot of overlap?

    <p>Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of objects was found to be less utilized by infants during categorization in comparison to faces?

    <p>Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a control group in the category preference test?

    <p>To confirm that infants have not developed a priori preference for novel stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should exemplar selection be done with careful thought?

    <p>To avoid influencing infants' categorization process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between sequential touching procedure and generalized imitation procedure?

    <p>Criterion for inferring categorization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of infants' categorization abilities, what is meant by within-category discrimination?

    <p>Recognizing subtle differences among objects within the same category</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What inference can be made if an infant shows preference for a novel stimulus from a familiar family in the category preference test?

    <p>The infant has successfully categorized the novel stimulus with familiar members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the use of exemplars impact the accuracy of categorization tests?

    <p>Incorrect exemplars can lead to biased categorization results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Piaget's view of cognitive development and information-processing views?

    <p>Piaget focused on innate knowledge, while information-processing views emphasize knowledge construction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about infants' formation of concepts according to the Information-Processing Approach?

    <p>Concepts are formed incrementally rather than being innate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of infant perception allows them to recognize causality between two simple shapes but struggle with more complex shapes?

    <p>Visual perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infants integrate lower-level units of information into higher-level components according to the Information-Processing Approach?

    <p>Infants integrate lower-level units incrementally to form more complex units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which view suggests that infants are born with an innate template of the human face?

    <p>Empiricist view</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the innate template of the human face contribute to infants' social interaction?

    <p>It helps infants discriminate between people and bond with their caregiver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do connectionist models suggest causality is learned by infants?

    <p>Through experience, memory, and perceptual sensitivities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the Psychometric Approach in studying infant development?

    <p>To understand how development occurs and compare it to a similar group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why have scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development shown a generational increase?

    <p>Due to improved prenatal and postnatal nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the use of visual habituation/dishabituation primarily aim to predict in infants?

    <p>Later IQ scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infants process complex causal relations according to the text?

    <p>On a perceptual rather than conceptual level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main learning source for infants according to connectionist models?

    <p>Experience, memory, and perceptual sensitivities combined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do scientists believe our memory is organized?

    <p>Similar to a neat closet with a system called a concept or category representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of concepts in relation to human cognitive processes?

    <p>To assist in categorization by underlying our ability to discriminate different things as members of the same category</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to tradition and historical views briefly considered in the text, when do children typically acquire concepts like 'dog'?

    <p>In childhood and early adolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the family resemblance view challenge?

    <p>The idea that object categories are marked by bundles of correlated attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the acquired equivalence research program in the 1950s impact perceived similarity and dissimilarity of items?

    <p>Items given the same verbal labels increased perceived similarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the family resemblance view suggest about how object categories are structured?

    <p>Object categories are marked by bundles of correlated attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do speed of habituation and amount of recovery of attention to a novel stimulus measure in infants?

    <p>Information processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the average correlation between habituation/dishabituation scores and later IQ suggest?

    <p>A moderate predictive relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are habituation and dishabituation linked to later verbal intelligence and academic achievements in infants?

    <p>They are significantly associated with later outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did early scientific beliefs suggest about the impact of intervention on infant development?

    <p>Infant development is impervious to both negative and positive intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do newer research findings challenge the traditional views on infant development?

    <p>By revealing the impacts of deprivation on various areas of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do habituation and dishabituation scores reflect in infants according to the text?

    <p>Cognitive competence and brain integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Piagetian approach to intelligence development in infancy?

    <p>Explaining objectification and cognitive milestones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major cognitive achievement that infants reach over the first two years postnatal according to the text?

    <p>Objectification: the knowledge of self and external objects as distinct entities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sensorimotor intelligence emerge according to the text?

    <p>Via the development of schemes and scheme combos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of the sensorimotor intelligence development do infants modify reflexes to adapt to different circumstances?

    <p>Stage 1: Modification of reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one criticism raised by some regarding infant cognitive development mentioned in the text?

    <p>Infant cognition is not solely sensorimotor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main way through which objectification occurs in infants according to the text?

    <p>Via the development of schemas and action repertoires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do scientists think human memory is organized based on the analogy provided in the text?

    <p>Like a neat closet with categories and subcategories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the family resemblance view suggest about object categories?

    <p>Object categories share bundles of correlated attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of development did young children find it challenging to maintain good grouping criteria for concepts and categorization?

    <p>Before the onset of logical reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main conclusion drawn from the acquired equivalence research program in the 1950s?

    <p>Verbal labels affect perceived similarity and dissimilarity as expected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of infant perception does the family resemblance view challenge?

    <p>The thought that objects are independent entities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of categorization primarily allow individuals to do?

    <p>Discriminate different things from a common class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of Stage 5 in the development of infants' cognitive abilities?

    <p>Combining secondary circular reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior marks the onset of objectification in infants?

    <p>Reconstruction of an invisible whole from a visible fraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior signifies the A-not-B error in infants' cognitive development?

    <p>Searching for a hidden object where it previously was</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines Stage 4 in the development of infants' cognitive abilities?

    <p>Coordination of Secondary Schemes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage involves more active search behaviors like visual accommodation to rapid movements and deferred circular reactions?

    <p>Stage 3: Onset of Objectification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior characterizes the Coordination of Secondary Schemes stage in terms of infants' cognitive development?

    <p>Means-end behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred if a group of infants consistently look at one stimulus over another?

    <p>They can categorize the stimuli accurately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of categorization in infants, what does the familiarity/novelty preference procedure involve?

    <p>Presenting familiar and novel stimuli for comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do researchers infer that infants can discriminate between categories using the modified procedure for studying categorization?

    <p>Through greater interest in the novel stimuli of a different category</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of showing category exemplars to infants before the category preference test?

    <p>It helps in familiarizing infants with different category types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does greater looking at the novel stimulus in infants suggest they can remember and discriminate?

    <p>Infants recognize and differentiate between familiar and novel stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be an implication if pre-linguistic infants can categorize based on specific characteristics of objects like dogs?

    <p>'Dog' as a concept is understood even before learning to speak</p> Signup and view all the answers

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