Early Intervention for Severe Deprivation Argument

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What is the term used to describe the system in which our memory is organized, according to scientists?

Superordinate category

Conceptual hierarchy

Filing system (correct)

Acquired equivalence

Which concept refers to our ability to discriminate between different things as members of the same category?

Categorization (correct)

Family resemblance view

Acquired equivalence

Filing system

According to historical views, when do children typically acquire concepts like 'dog'?

During early adolescence

In adulthood

Through environmental encounters and parental labeling (correct)

Through logical reasoning

What does the family resemblance view suggest about object categories?

They are marked by bundles of correlated attributes Signup and view all the answers

In which research program did items given the same verbal labels increase in perceived similarity?

Acquired equivalence study Signup and view all the answers

What does the text compare our memory organization to, in relation to how objects are related to each other?

A filing system Signup and view all the answers

What types of attributes do infants use to categorize objects?

Color and facial expression Signup and view all the answers

In differentiating between dogs and cats, what part of the stimuli did infants mainly use in one study?

Head Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the question regarding infants' behavior during experiments?

Category formation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attributes might help infants understand 'how things work differently'?

Dynamic attributes Signup and view all the answers

What may serve as a cue for infants in discriminating between categories that have a lot of overlap?

Movement Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of objects was found to be less utilized by infants during categorization in comparison to faces?

Body Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a control group in the category preference test?

To confirm that infants have not developed a priori preference for novel stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Why should exemplar selection be done with careful thought?

To avoid influencing infants' categorization process Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between sequential touching procedure and generalized imitation procedure?

Criterion for inferring categorization Signup and view all the answers

In the context of infants' categorization abilities, what is meant by within-category discrimination?

Recognizing subtle differences among objects within the same category Signup and view all the answers

What inference can be made if an infant shows preference for a novel stimulus from a familiar family in the category preference test?

The infant has successfully categorized the novel stimulus with familiar members Signup and view all the answers

How does the use of exemplars impact the accuracy of categorization tests?

Incorrect exemplars can lead to biased categorization results Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Piaget's view of cognitive development and information-processing views?

Piaget focused on innate knowledge, while information-processing views emphasize knowledge construction. Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about infants' formation of concepts according to the Information-Processing Approach?

Concepts are formed incrementally rather than being innate. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of infant perception allows them to recognize causality between two simple shapes but struggle with more complex shapes?

Visual perception Signup and view all the answers

How do infants integrate lower-level units of information into higher-level components according to the Information-Processing Approach?

Infants integrate lower-level units incrementally to form more complex units. Signup and view all the answers

Which view suggests that infants are born with an innate template of the human face?

Empiricist view Signup and view all the answers

How does the innate template of the human face contribute to infants' social interaction?

It helps infants discriminate between people and bond with their caregiver. Signup and view all the answers

How do connectionist models suggest causality is learned by infants?

Through experience, memory, and perceptual sensitivities Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the Psychometric Approach in studying infant development?

To understand how development occurs and compare it to a similar group Signup and view all the answers

Why have scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development shown a generational increase?

Due to improved prenatal and postnatal nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What does the use of visual habituation/dishabituation primarily aim to predict in infants?

Later IQ scores Signup and view all the answers

How do infants process complex causal relations according to the text?

On a perceptual rather than conceptual level Signup and view all the answers

What is the main learning source for infants according to connectionist models?

Experience, memory, and perceptual sensitivities combined Signup and view all the answers

How do scientists believe our memory is organized?

Similar to a neat closet with a system called a concept or category representation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of concepts in relation to human cognitive processes?

To assist in categorization by underlying our ability to discriminate different things as members of the same category Signup and view all the answers

According to tradition and historical views briefly considered in the text, when do children typically acquire concepts like 'dog'?

In childhood and early adolescence Signup and view all the answers

What does the family resemblance view challenge?

The idea that object categories are marked by bundles of correlated attributes Signup and view all the answers

How did the acquired equivalence research program in the 1950s impact perceived similarity and dissimilarity of items?

Items given the same verbal labels increased perceived similarity Signup and view all the answers

What does the family resemblance view suggest about how object categories are structured?

Object categories are marked by bundles of correlated attributes Signup and view all the answers

What do speed of habituation and amount of recovery of attention to a novel stimulus measure in infants?

Information processing Signup and view all the answers

What does the average correlation between habituation/dishabituation scores and later IQ suggest?

A moderate predictive relationship Signup and view all the answers

How are habituation and dishabituation linked to later verbal intelligence and academic achievements in infants?

They are significantly associated with later outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What did early scientific beliefs suggest about the impact of intervention on infant development?

Infant development is impervious to both negative and positive intervention Signup and view all the answers

How do newer research findings challenge the traditional views on infant development?

By revealing the impacts of deprivation on various areas of development Signup and view all the answers

What do habituation and dishabituation scores reflect in infants according to the text?

Cognitive competence and brain integrity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Piagetian approach to intelligence development in infancy?

Explaining objectification and cognitive milestones Signup and view all the answers

What is the major cognitive achievement that infants reach over the first two years postnatal according to the text?

Objectification: the knowledge of self and external objects as distinct entities Signup and view all the answers

How does sensorimotor intelligence emerge according to the text?

Via the development of schemes and scheme combos Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of the sensorimotor intelligence development do infants modify reflexes to adapt to different circumstances?

Stage 1: Modification of reflexes Signup and view all the answers

What is one criticism raised by some regarding infant cognitive development mentioned in the text?

Infant cognition is not solely sensorimotor Signup and view all the answers

What is the main way through which objectification occurs in infants according to the text?

Via the development of schemas and action repertoires Signup and view all the answers

How do scientists think human memory is organized based on the analogy provided in the text?

Like a neat closet with categories and subcategories Signup and view all the answers

What does the family resemblance view suggest about object categories?

Object categories share bundles of correlated attributes Signup and view all the answers

At what stage of development did young children find it challenging to maintain good grouping criteria for concepts and categorization?

Before the onset of logical reasoning Signup and view all the answers

What was the main conclusion drawn from the acquired equivalence research program in the 1950s?

Verbal labels affect perceived similarity and dissimilarity as expected Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of infant perception does the family resemblance view challenge?

The thought that objects are independent entities Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of categorization primarily allow individuals to do?

Discriminate different things from a common class Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of Stage 5 in the development of infants' cognitive abilities?

Combining secondary circular reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior marks the onset of objectification in infants?

Reconstruction of an invisible whole from a visible fraction Signup and view all the answers

What behavior signifies the A-not-B error in infants' cognitive development?

Searching for a hidden object where it previously was Signup and view all the answers

What defines Stage 4 in the development of infants' cognitive abilities?

Coordination of Secondary Schemes Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves more active search behaviors like visual accommodation to rapid movements and deferred circular reactions?

Stage 3: Onset of Objectification Signup and view all the answers

What behavior characterizes the Coordination of Secondary Schemes stage in terms of infants' cognitive development?

Means-end behavior Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred if a group of infants consistently look at one stimulus over another?

They can categorize the stimuli accurately Signup and view all the answers

In the context of categorization in infants, what does the familiarity/novelty preference procedure involve?

Presenting familiar and novel stimuli for comparison Signup and view all the answers

How do researchers infer that infants can discriminate between categories using the modified procedure for studying categorization?

Through greater interest in the novel stimuli of a different category Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of showing category exemplars to infants before the category preference test?

It helps in familiarizing infants with different category types Signup and view all the answers

How does greater looking at the novel stimulus in infants suggest they can remember and discriminate?

Infants recognize and differentiate between familiar and novel stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What might be an implication if pre-linguistic infants can categorize based on specific characteristics of objects like dogs?

'Dog' as a concept is understood even before learning to speak Signup and view all the answers

Early Intervention for Severe Deprivation Argument

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Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe the system in which our memory is organized, according to scientists?

Which concept refers to our ability to discriminate between different things as members of the same category?

According to historical views, when do children typically acquire concepts like 'dog'?

What does the family resemblance view suggest about object categories?

In which research program did items given the same verbal labels increase in perceived similarity?

What does the text compare our memory organization to, in relation to how objects are related to each other?

What types of attributes do infants use to categorize objects?

In differentiating between dogs and cats, what part of the stimuli did infants mainly use in one study?

What is the focus of the question regarding infants' behavior during experiments?

Which type of attributes might help infants understand 'how things work differently'?

What may serve as a cue for infants in discriminating between categories that have a lot of overlap?

What aspect of objects was found to be less utilized by infants during categorization in comparison to faces?

What is the purpose of using a control group in the category preference test?

Why should exemplar selection be done with careful thought?

What is the key difference between sequential touching procedure and generalized imitation procedure?

In the context of infants' categorization abilities, what is meant by within-category discrimination?

What inference can be made if an infant shows preference for a novel stimulus from a familiar family in the category preference test?

How does the use of exemplars impact the accuracy of categorization tests?

What is the main difference between Piaget's view of cognitive development and information-processing views?

What does the text suggest about infants' formation of concepts according to the Information-Processing Approach?

What aspect of infant perception allows them to recognize causality between two simple shapes but struggle with more complex shapes?

How do infants integrate lower-level units of information into higher-level components according to the Information-Processing Approach?

Which view suggests that infants are born with an innate template of the human face?

How does the innate template of the human face contribute to infants' social interaction?

How do connectionist models suggest causality is learned by infants?

What is the main focus of the Psychometric Approach in studying infant development?

Why have scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development shown a generational increase?

What does the use of visual habituation/dishabituation primarily aim to predict in infants?

How do infants process complex causal relations according to the text?

What is the main learning source for infants according to connectionist models?

How do scientists believe our memory is organized?

What is the purpose of concepts in relation to human cognitive processes?

According to tradition and historical views briefly considered in the text, when do children typically acquire concepts like 'dog'?

What does the family resemblance view challenge?

How did the acquired equivalence research program in the 1950s impact perceived similarity and dissimilarity of items?

What does the family resemblance view suggest about how object categories are structured?

What do speed of habituation and amount of recovery of attention to a novel stimulus measure in infants?

What does the average correlation between habituation/dishabituation scores and later IQ suggest?

How are habituation and dishabituation linked to later verbal intelligence and academic achievements in infants?

What did early scientific beliefs suggest about the impact of intervention on infant development?

How do newer research findings challenge the traditional views on infant development?

What do habituation and dishabituation scores reflect in infants according to the text?

What is the primary focus of the Piagetian approach to intelligence development in infancy?

What is the major cognitive achievement that infants reach over the first two years postnatal according to the text?

How does sensorimotor intelligence emerge according to the text?

In which stage of the sensorimotor intelligence development do infants modify reflexes to adapt to different circumstances?

What is one criticism raised by some regarding infant cognitive development mentioned in the text?

What is the main way through which objectification occurs in infants according to the text?

How do scientists think human memory is organized based on the analogy provided in the text?

What does the family resemblance view suggest about object categories?

At what stage of development did young children find it challenging to maintain good grouping criteria for concepts and categorization?

What was the main conclusion drawn from the acquired equivalence research program in the 1950s?

What aspect of infant perception does the family resemblance view challenge?

What does the concept of categorization primarily allow individuals to do?

What is the primary feature of Stage 5 in the development of infants' cognitive abilities?

Which behavior marks the onset of objectification in infants?

What behavior signifies the A-not-B error in infants' cognitive development?

What defines Stage 4 in the development of infants' cognitive abilities?

Which stage involves more active search behaviors like visual accommodation to rapid movements and deferred circular reactions?

What behavior characterizes the Coordination of Secondary Schemes stage in terms of infants' cognitive development?

What can be inferred if a group of infants consistently look at one stimulus over another?

In the context of categorization in infants, what does the familiarity/novelty preference procedure involve?

How do researchers infer that infants can discriminate between categories using the modified procedure for studying categorization?

What is the significance of showing category exemplars to infants before the category preference test?

How does greater looking at the novel stimulus in infants suggest they can remember and discriminate?

What might be an implication if pre-linguistic infants can categorize based on specific characteristics of objects like dogs?

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