Early Intervention for Severe Deprivation Argument
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe the system in which our memory is organized, according to scientists?

  • Superordinate category
  • Conceptual hierarchy
  • Filing system (correct)
  • Acquired equivalence

Which concept refers to our ability to discriminate between different things as members of the same category?

  • Categorization (correct)
  • Family resemblance view
  • Acquired equivalence
  • Filing system

According to historical views, when do children typically acquire concepts like 'dog'?

  • During early adolescence
  • In adulthood
  • Through environmental encounters and parental labeling (correct)
  • Through logical reasoning

What does the family resemblance view suggest about object categories?

<p>They are marked by bundles of correlated attributes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which research program did items given the same verbal labels increase in perceived similarity?

<p>Acquired equivalence study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text compare our memory organization to, in relation to how objects are related to each other?

<p>A filing system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of attributes do infants use to categorize objects?

<p>Color and facial expression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In differentiating between dogs and cats, what part of the stimuli did infants mainly use in one study?

<p>Head (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the question regarding infants' behavior during experiments?

<p>Category formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attributes might help infants understand 'how things work differently'?

<p>Dynamic attributes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may serve as a cue for infants in discriminating between categories that have a lot of overlap?

<p>Movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of objects was found to be less utilized by infants during categorization in comparison to faces?

<p>Body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a control group in the category preference test?

<p>To confirm that infants have not developed a priori preference for novel stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should exemplar selection be done with careful thought?

<p>To avoid influencing infants' categorization process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between sequential touching procedure and generalized imitation procedure?

<p>Criterion for inferring categorization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of infants' categorization abilities, what is meant by within-category discrimination?

<p>Recognizing subtle differences among objects within the same category (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What inference can be made if an infant shows preference for a novel stimulus from a familiar family in the category preference test?

<p>The infant has successfully categorized the novel stimulus with familiar members (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the use of exemplars impact the accuracy of categorization tests?

<p>Incorrect exemplars can lead to biased categorization results (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Piaget's view of cognitive development and information-processing views?

<p>Piaget focused on innate knowledge, while information-processing views emphasize knowledge construction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about infants' formation of concepts according to the Information-Processing Approach?

<p>Concepts are formed incrementally rather than being innate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of infant perception allows them to recognize causality between two simple shapes but struggle with more complex shapes?

<p>Visual perception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do infants integrate lower-level units of information into higher-level components according to the Information-Processing Approach?

<p>Infants integrate lower-level units incrementally to form more complex units. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which view suggests that infants are born with an innate template of the human face?

<p>Empiricist view (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the innate template of the human face contribute to infants' social interaction?

<p>It helps infants discriminate between people and bond with their caregiver. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do connectionist models suggest causality is learned by infants?

<p>Through experience, memory, and perceptual sensitivities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the Psychometric Approach in studying infant development?

<p>To understand how development occurs and compare it to a similar group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why have scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development shown a generational increase?

<p>Due to improved prenatal and postnatal nutrition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the use of visual habituation/dishabituation primarily aim to predict in infants?

<p>Later IQ scores (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do infants process complex causal relations according to the text?

<p>On a perceptual rather than conceptual level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main learning source for infants according to connectionist models?

<p>Experience, memory, and perceptual sensitivities combined (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do scientists believe our memory is organized?

<p>Similar to a neat closet with a system called a concept or category representation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of concepts in relation to human cognitive processes?

<p>To assist in categorization by underlying our ability to discriminate different things as members of the same category (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to tradition and historical views briefly considered in the text, when do children typically acquire concepts like 'dog'?

<p>In childhood and early adolescence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the family resemblance view challenge?

<p>The idea that object categories are marked by bundles of correlated attributes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the acquired equivalence research program in the 1950s impact perceived similarity and dissimilarity of items?

<p>Items given the same verbal labels increased perceived similarity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the family resemblance view suggest about how object categories are structured?

<p>Object categories are marked by bundles of correlated attributes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do speed of habituation and amount of recovery of attention to a novel stimulus measure in infants?

<p>Information processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the average correlation between habituation/dishabituation scores and later IQ suggest?

<p>A moderate predictive relationship (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are habituation and dishabituation linked to later verbal intelligence and academic achievements in infants?

<p>They are significantly associated with later outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did early scientific beliefs suggest about the impact of intervention on infant development?

<p>Infant development is impervious to both negative and positive intervention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do newer research findings challenge the traditional views on infant development?

<p>By revealing the impacts of deprivation on various areas of development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do habituation and dishabituation scores reflect in infants according to the text?

<p>Cognitive competence and brain integrity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Piagetian approach to intelligence development in infancy?

<p>Explaining objectification and cognitive milestones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major cognitive achievement that infants reach over the first two years postnatal according to the text?

<p>Objectification: the knowledge of self and external objects as distinct entities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sensorimotor intelligence emerge according to the text?

<p>Via the development of schemes and scheme combos (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of the sensorimotor intelligence development do infants modify reflexes to adapt to different circumstances?

<p>Stage 1: Modification of reflexes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one criticism raised by some regarding infant cognitive development mentioned in the text?

<p>Infant cognition is not solely sensorimotor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main way through which objectification occurs in infants according to the text?

<p>Via the development of schemas and action repertoires (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do scientists think human memory is organized based on the analogy provided in the text?

<p>Like a neat closet with categories and subcategories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the family resemblance view suggest about object categories?

<p>Object categories share bundles of correlated attributes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage of development did young children find it challenging to maintain good grouping criteria for concepts and categorization?

<p>Before the onset of logical reasoning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main conclusion drawn from the acquired equivalence research program in the 1950s?

<p>Verbal labels affect perceived similarity and dissimilarity as expected (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of infant perception does the family resemblance view challenge?

<p>The thought that objects are independent entities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of categorization primarily allow individuals to do?

<p>Discriminate different things from a common class (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of Stage 5 in the development of infants' cognitive abilities?

<p>Combining secondary circular reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior marks the onset of objectification in infants?

<p>Reconstruction of an invisible whole from a visible fraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior signifies the A-not-B error in infants' cognitive development?

<p>Searching for a hidden object where it previously was (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines Stage 4 in the development of infants' cognitive abilities?

<p>Coordination of Secondary Schemes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves more active search behaviors like visual accommodation to rapid movements and deferred circular reactions?

<p>Stage 3: Onset of Objectification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior characterizes the Coordination of Secondary Schemes stage in terms of infants' cognitive development?

<p>Means-end behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred if a group of infants consistently look at one stimulus over another?

<p>They can categorize the stimuli accurately (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of categorization in infants, what does the familiarity/novelty preference procedure involve?

<p>Presenting familiar and novel stimuli for comparison (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do researchers infer that infants can discriminate between categories using the modified procedure for studying categorization?

<p>Through greater interest in the novel stimuli of a different category (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of showing category exemplars to infants before the category preference test?

<p>It helps in familiarizing infants with different category types (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does greater looking at the novel stimulus in infants suggest they can remember and discriminate?

<p>Infants recognize and differentiate between familiar and novel stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be an implication if pre-linguistic infants can categorize based on specific characteristics of objects like dogs?

<p>'Dog' as a concept is understood even before learning to speak (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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