Early Independence Era Society

Early Independence Era Society

• Indonesia had been colonized by European nations for over 350 years
• Independence required extraordinary effort
• The fight began with preparations for Indonesian independence, focusing on the proclamation
• Proclamation was the peak of Indonesia's fight for freedom from colonialism

Independence Preparation Efforts

• The Investigating Committee for Preparatory Efforts for Indonesian Independence (BPUPKI) was formed due to Japan's weakening position in Indonesia and Asia
• Japan aimed to appease Indonesians by promising independence, as stated by Prime Minister Koiso
• Prime Minister Koiso tried to win over Indonesian support to prevent resistance and aid Japan against the Allies
• The loss of Japan in the Pacific to the United States preceded this strategy
• Lieutenant General Kumakici Harada announced the establishment of BPUPKI on March 1, 1945
• The goal was to study Indonesian governance after independence
• BPUPKI included 62 Indonesian national movement figures and 7 Japanese representatives
• The inauguration was held in Jakarta on May 28, 1945, led by Dr. K.R.T Radjiman Wedyodiningrat
• Icibangase was the young representative from Japan
• R.P. Surono was the secretary.
• BPUPKI held sessions to prepare for independence
• Two agenda sessions were held from May 29 to June 1, 1945, and from July 10-17, 1945

First Session (May 29-June 1, 1945)

• The first BPUPKI session took place in Jakarta at the Cuo Sangi In building (now the Department of Foreign Affairs Building)
• The first session objective was to develop the philosophical foundation of the Indonesian state
• M. Yamin and Prof. Soepomo presented their ideas on May 29-31, 1945
• Ir. Soekarno presented his ideas on June 1, 1945.
• BPUPKI did not agree on the basis of the state from these proposals
• BPUPKI formed a smaller committee to collect suggestions
• Ir. Soekarno led this committee
• BPUPKI took a recess of over a month after the formation of the small committee
• The smaller committee convened with several BPUPKI members, resulting in the formation of the Committee of Nine

Committee of Nine

• The Committee of Nine was still headed by Ir. Soekarno
• Members included Moh. Hatta, M. Yamin, Achmad Soebardjo, Abdul Kahar Muzakir, A.A. Maramis, Wahid Hasyim, and Abikoesno Tjokrosoejoso
• The Committee of Nine agreed to use Ir. Soekarno's formulation, naming it Pancasila, as the foundation for drafting the Indonesian state
• The Committee produced the Jakarta Charter, a draft of the State's foundation after revisions from M. Yamin
• The Jakarta Charter included:
• Belief in God w/ obligation to carry out Islamic law for its adherents
• Just and civilized humanity
• The unity of Indonesia
• Democracy guided by wisdom in representative consultation
• Social justice for all Indonesian people

Second Session (July 10-17, 1945)

• BPUPKI created the Basic Law Drafting Committee for the second session
• Ir. Soekarno was the head with 18 members
• The Basic Law Drafting Committee made a special committee for drafting the UUD led by Prof. Soepomo
• The Drafting Committee of the Basic Law, stated on July 14, 1945, three concepts of the UUD, namely the declaration of Indonesian independence, the Preamble of the UUD and the body of the UUD
• The Drafting Committee agreed to Jakarta Charter as the preamble to the 1945 Basic Law
• They agreed on the territory of the State, the unitary state form, the republican government, the Red and White flag, Indonesian, the declaration of Indonesian independence, the Preamble to the Basic Law and the Body of the Basic Law.
• The approved items were refined by the Language Refinement Committee which included Husein Jayadiningrat, Haji Agus Salim and Prof. Soepomo
• BPUPKI's second session officially closed on July 17, 1945
• Japan dissolved BPUPKI on August 7, 1945, because of the atomic bombings on August 6 and 9 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• The Committee for Preparing Indonesian Independence (PPKI) or Dokuritsu Junbi Inkai was officially created following the dismissal of the BPUPKI
• Lt. Gen. Terauchi established PPKI on August 9, 1945, in Dalat, Vietnam
• The goal of PPKI was to carry out the proclamation by preparing for Indonesian Independence
• Ir. Soekarno directed the initially 21-member PPKI
• The PPKI's membership was increased by six without informing Japan
• Ahmad Soebardjo, Sayuti Melik, Ki Hajar Dewantara, Iwa Kusumasumantri, R.A.A. Wiranatakusumah, and Kasman Singodimejo were added to the committee
• General Terauchi invited Ir. Soekarno, Moh. Hatta, and Radjiman Wedyodiningrat on August 9, 1945, to Dalat, Vietnam to inaugurate PPKI
• On August 12, 1945, Ir. Soekarno, Moh. Hatta, and Radjiman Wedyodiningrat arrived in Dalat
• General Terauchi congratulated them on the establishment of PPKI and guaranteed that Japan would delegate implementation of Indonesian Independence to PPKI
• Japan mandated that Indonesia must finish the war and mobilize all its resources to fight with Japan for final victory in the Great East Asia War
• The ideals of the Indonesian people had to align with Japan because Indonesia was part of the Co-Prosperity Sphere in Great East Asia

Events Surrounding the Proclamation of Independence

• Japan was under pressure from the Allied forces
• Japan surrendered without conditions to the allies on August 15, 1945
• Indonesian youth, often listening to overseas radio broadcasts from Sutan Syahrir, heard Japan's capitulation
• The youth agreed to meet Ir. Soekarno and Moh. Hatta to push for Indonesia's immediate declaration of independence
• Ir. Soekarno and Moh. Hatta had just arrived from Dalat, Vietnam
• Ir. Soekarno and Moh. Hatta did not agree
• Ir. Soekarno and Moh. Hatta insisted that the matter was to be discussed with PPKI so that the declaration would not deviate from the regulations of the Japanese government
• Many youth thought PPKI was a Japanese body, therefore PPKI would not grant independence to Indonesia
• The youth decided to take Soekarno and Hatta out of Jakarta and away from Japanese forces
• Commander of the PETA platoon led the isolation

Rengasdengklok Incident

• Wikana and Darwis, representing the youth, visited Ir. Soekarno and Moh. Hatta on August 16, 1945, at 4:00 am.
• The youth took Ir. Soekarno and Moh. Hatta to Rengasdengklok, north of Karawang
• Shodanco Singgih led PETA troops took over Rengasdengklok.
• The area was chosen for security
• The youth urged Ir. Soekarno and Moh. Hatta to declare independence immediately
• Ir. Soekarno and Moh. Hatta were still not ready to declare independence
• Yusuf Kunto went back to Jakarta to see how things were.
• Ahmad Soebardjo got confused and sought to learn where the two figures were because there was supposed to be a PPKI meeting that day.
• After meeting Yusuf Kunto, they met and decided that the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence must occur in Jakarta and that Ahmad Soebardjo would guarantee it and that Soekarno and Hatta would be sent back to Jakarta

Drafting of the Proclamation Text

• On August 16, 1945, Soekarno and Hatta were picked up at 5:30 p.m.
• Ir. Soekarno and Moh. Hatta met with General Nishimura to discuss the implementation of the Proclamation upon arriving in Jakarta at 11:00 p.m.
• The meeting did not go well because the Japanese authorities were unsupportive
• Ir. Soekarno and Moh. Hatta then proceeded to Admiral Maeda's residence to gather other PPKI members
• Ir. Soekarno, Hatta, and Ahmad Soebardjo joined Soekarni, Sayuti Melik, and B.M Diah inside Admiral Maeda's home to compose the proclamation
• The proclamation text has two main parts
• The first states, "We, the people of Indonesia, hereby declare Indonesia's independence."
• The second states, "Matters concerning the transfer of power, etc., will be executed carefully and as quickly as possible."
• The concept was brought to the assembly with PPKI members and youth after quick discussion
• The delegation was delivered by Palar and AA Amaris to seek support for Indonesian independence
• Here are the responses to the proclamation of independence

Proclamation Response

• Students organized rallies and conveyed the declaration's message throughout Jakarta
• They fearlessly broadcast the declaration immediately on Japanese radio and rebroadcast it every half-hour until 4:00 p.m., when the broadcast was set to end, while Japanese authorities banned it
• The news was disseminated on Asia Raya (Surabaya), Cahaya (Bandung), Sinar Matahari (Yogyakarta), and Sinar Baru (Semarang)
• They marched around the city and held parades
• They formed action groups in Jakarta such as, Menteng 31 youth in Menteng
• The Ika Daigaku student group was in Prapatan
• The Islamic student group was based at the Muslim Hall in Jalan Kramat
• Student groups marched through the streets to express encouragement, seize control of Japanese armaments, and hoist the red and white flag
• Student group in Cikini
• Syahrir's group was in Maluku Street
• Composed of Peta, Heiho, Seinendan, and BKR
• The Pioneer Troops
• Youths in Jakarta seized Japanese weaponry
• Jakarta radio station was seized on September 11, 1945, which was later designated as RRI's founding day
• A massive rally was scheduled on the Ikada field on September 19, 1945, to hear Ir. Soekarno speak

Bandung and Surabaya Response

• Despite attempts by the Japanese to prevent it, the proclamation was broadcast over the radio station Hoso Kyoku in Bandung
• They rebroadcast the proclamation even in English, and the announcer proclaimed Hoso Kyoku as Radio Republik Indonesia Bandung
• People in Surabaya grew increasingly energized
• Some Dutch citizens hoisted the Merah Putih Biru flag on September 19, 1945, at the Yamato Hotel
• People were angry and tore off the blue section and hoist the Merah Putih

Semarang and Yogyakarta Response

• The Semarang youth established AMRI (Indonesian Youth Forces), headquartered at 89 Bojong Street, Semarang, upon receiving the declaration of independence
• The community, backed by PETA and Heiho members, reoccupied government buildings
• In the Jawa Hokokai building, Mr. Wongso Negoro headed a meeting
• The proclamation text was read again, with "Long Live Bong Karno, Long Live Bong Ratta, and Long Live the Indonesian Nation" sung as the Indonesian Raya song
• The proclamation was quickly disseminated to Yogyakarta, and youth used mosques to convey proclamations
• Ki Hajar Dewantara led his students in parades and raised the Red and White banner to embrace RI
• People celebrated independence with joy and hoisted the Red and White flag everywhere and attempted to quell the Hinomaru flag on August 21, 1945

Formation of State Apparatus

• Marking Indonesia's freedom, the proclamation led to establishing a state with territory, citizens, sovereign gov, basic law/UUD, and recognition from other countries
• Another PPKI session was convoked one day after the independence proclamation, on August 18-19, 1945
• The meeting directly led led by Ir. Soekarno, appointed as RI president
• The first two days of the PPKI were talked about and decided

First PPKI Meeting (August 18, 1945)

• PPKI examined the Preamble and Body of the Basic Law
• Moh. Hatta offered two suggestions
• The first rule became "Belief in One God" instead of "Belief in God with the responsibility of implementing Islamic law for its adherents."
• Chapter III of the Basic Law, Article 6 became "The President shall be a native Indonesian" instead of "The President shall be an Indonesian who believes in Islam."
• These two motions were accepted and agreed upon for unifying the Indonesian State with its religious and cultural diversity
• Then, PPKI ratified the formulation of the state's foundation, Pancasila, the Preamble, and the body of the Basic Law
• Currently, these formulations are known as the 1945 UUD NRI
• Ir. Soekarno suggested that article III, which states, "For the first time, the president and vice president shall be elected by PPKI," be immediately enacted
• Otto Iskandardinata made a suggestion that the election of president and vice president be carried out by acclamation
• Ir. Soekarno as president and Moh. Hatta as vice president were the suggested candidates
• All people in the room agreed
• Thus, after enacting the State Foundation, the Preamble of the UUD, and the Body of the UUD, PPKI appointed Ir. Sukarno as President of the Republic of Indonesia
• Drs. Moh. was elected as Vice President
• Establishing a National Committee
• The final result of the first PPKI meeting was the establishment of a national committee
• It was done to assist the implementation of presidents duties because the DPR or MPR wasn't established yet

Second PPKI Meeting (August 19, 1945)

• Ir. Soekarno before closing the first PPKI session picked nine people to form a little committee to organize ministries, the territory of the nation, and defense
• The president of the Republic of Indonesia formed twelve ministries and ministers
• Department of Home Affairs, Minister R.A.A. Wiranatakusuma
• Department of Foreign Affairs, Minister Ahmad Subardjo
• Department of Justice, Minister Dr. Prof. Soepomo
• Department of Finance, Minister A.A Maramis
• Department of Health, Minister Dr. Buntaran Martoatmojo
• Department of Education, Minister Ki Hajar Dewantara
• Department of Social Affairs, Minister Iwa Kusumasumantri
• Department of Public Security, Minister Soeprijadi
• Department of Information, Minister Amir Syarifudin
• Department of Transportation, Minister Abikusno Cokrosuyoso
• Department of Public Works, Minister Abikusno Cokrosuyoso
• Department of Prosperity, Minister Surahman Cokroadisuryo
• List of Senior State Officials:
• Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
• Attorney General
• State Secretary
• Spokesman
• Indonesia was split into eight provinces each headed by a governor for the time being
• West Java, Sutarjo Kartohadikusumo
• Central Java, Panji Suroso
• East Java: R.M Suryo
• Sumatra: Teuku Muhammad Hassan
• Kalimantan: Pangeran Moh. Noor
• Sulawesi: G.S.S.J Ratulangi
• Maluku: K. Latuharhary
• Lesser Sunda: 1 Gusti Ketut Pudja
• Regarding Defence:
• PETA disbanded in Java and Bali with the People's Army disbanded in Sumatra
• Heiho soldiers quit operations
• The president should immediately form the Indonesian National Army

Third PPKI Meeting (August 22, 1945)

• The Committee of National Indonesia was the topic of the PPKI's session on August 22, 1945
• The goal was to fulfill the nation's goal of realizing independence on the basis of popular sovereignty
• KNIP was tasked with assisting the President in running the government
• The Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) was led by Kasman Singodimedjo, with Sutardjo Kartohadikusumo, Mr. Latuharhary, and Adam Malik as his deputies
• This committee was given the authority to legislate and take part in outlining the State's Broad Guidelines until the MPR and DPR were formed
• The People's Security Agency (BKR) was created to maintain public safety
• It was formed to prevent hostility with the Allies
• This group was created to prevent issues with the Allies
• Former Peta, Heiho, Seinendan, Keibodan, and Keisatsutal members compromised BKR's membership
• The Indonesian government created the national army on October 5, 1945, with the name People's Security Army (TKR)
• This was done in reaction to the advent of the Allies and the Netherlands Indie Civil Administration (NICA), which caused considerable chaos
• Yogyakarta was chosen as the primary TKR headquarters, with Urip Sumoharjo promoted to Chief of Staff of the TKR
• It was also revealed that Supriyadi was elected as the head of the People's Security Force, but had mysteriously disappeared during the People's Security Force rebellion in Blitar
• Colonel Sudirman was appointed as the TKR's Commander-in-Chief

Transition to TNI

• The TKR evolved into Tentara Republik Indonesia (TRI) by January 1946
• The TRI was officially renamed Tentara National Indonesia (TNI) as an improvement to the TRI on June 3, 1947, by presidential decision
• Army, Navy, and Air Force made up the TNI's structure
• Former KNIL, Peta, & soldier battalions formed the Indonesian Army at the time
• Later, in 1949, the TNI's name was changed to Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (ABRI), which included elements of the Police (Indonesian Police)
• However, in 1999, the ABRI was split back into the TNI and POLRI.

Development of Society After Independence

• After Japan surrendered, English forces under Lord Louis Mountbatten attempted to take control
• The Allied Forces Netherlands East Indian (AFNEI) were assigned to Indonesia
• Troops from NICA (Netherlands) accompanied the force that wished to reclaim Dutch dominance
• This sparked conflict and armed conflict throughout the nation
• Therefore, the Independence Revolution would be held to maintain the Indonesian Republic.

Physical Struggles

• A battle took place in Semarang over five days in mid-October 1945
• A Japanese prisoner escaped while being evacuated from Cepiring to Bulu which started this battle
• The Japanese launched an unprovoked attack on civilians, and rumors of poison in the water supply in Semarang circulated
• Dr. Kariadi attempted to confirm this as Head of the Purusara Hospital Laboratory.
• Japanese soldiers shot Dr. Kariadi to death while he was on his way
• Indonesians were motivated to fight and the Semarang war could not be averted which caused many people to die

Palagan Ambarawa

• Allied forces led by Brigjen Bethel landed in Semarang on October 20, 1945
• The Allied troops making their way to Magelang caused issues that forced the Dutch to blockade the city
• Magelang people boycotted and surrounded the Allied soldiers simultaneously
• The Allied retreated on November 21, 1945, under pressure
• The TKR troops pursued and surrounded under Kol. Sudirman
• Known as "Palagan Ambarawa," the fight lasted four days between Dec 2 - Dec 15, 1945
• Other commanding soldiers were present, like Letkol. Isdiman who lost his life in the battle
• They designated December 15, 1945, known as the height of the Ambarawa conflict, as TNI-Infantry AD's day
• To honor the spirit of bravery in the battle, Ambarawa erected the Palagan Ambarawa Monument which housed the Ambarawa museum

Bandung Lautan Api

• Helped by NICA, the Allies arrived in Bandung on October 13, 1945
• The Allies issued an ultimatum that all residents should surrender to the Allies by November 29, 1945
• The freedom fighters resisted and began several wars
• Young people destroyed the Dutch homes and angered the Allied soldiers
• As a result, TRI troops agreed to evacuate Bandung once issued by the Central Government Jakarta
• The allied forces issued one more ultimatum that Indonesian soldiers would launch attacks before leaving

Medan Area

• The Allied army led by T.E.D. Kelly came with NICA on October 9, 1945
• Indonesians welcomed them until they freed Dutch prisoners
• On October 13, 1945, a hotel guest walked through Medan on Jalan Bali and stepped on a red and white symbol
• Those in Medan who opposed the Allied and NICA forces fought together
• These battles were to reclaim the government buildings recovered by Japan
• The Allied forces issued ultimatums for people to surrender any weapons
• Soldiers installed an established boundary of the area bearing that writing at the city's edge

Puputan Margarana in Bali

• Known as puputan, which means "all-out fight" in Bali
• Headed by 1 Gusti Ngurah Rai on November 20, 1946
• His forces had stormed Dutch base at Tabanan on November 18, 1946 which was won by Gusti Ngurah Rai's soldiers
• In revenge, the Dutch sent all their soldiers to attack and encircle Bali
• Bape//www.alar-end.m Ngurah Rai called out puputan with that purpose for the Dutch to leave Bali

Red and White Incident in Sulawesi

• Upon Indonesia's Declaration of Independence, people took weapons and lowered flags of Japan for that red and white flags in Minahasa
• At September beginning NICA and Australian military came in to take the power
• They passed a regulation that forbids Indonesians showing their flag
• Minahasa people disregarded this and they brawled against the Allied, causing brawl that killed many

People of Makassar Fight

• Captain Raymond Westerling led Dutch troops to Makassar in December 1946
• Westerling killed a bunch of civilians, which triggered rebellions under Wolter Manginsidi
• Wolter Manginsidi was captured and executed

The Hardships of Diplomacy

• Besides the revolution on land, diplomacy continued
• This prioritized dialogues, drawing international support, and producing agreements
• Diplomacy rarely if ever involves violence

Hooge Veluwe Negotiations

• In this occasion the two countries were represented by both governments to discuss problems
• The negotiations were held in Hooge Veluwe, Netherlands, from April 14 to April 25, 1946
• Negotiations broke down and failed to produce agreements following the Netherlands' refusal to recognize Indonesia.

General Attack of March 1 in Yogyakarta

• Rumors from around the world fueled this strike
• Sultan Hamengku Buwono produced Lt. Col Soeharto, whose raid was supported by General Sudirman
• March 1, 1949, Lt Kol Soeharto launched a riot that showed the Republic of Indonesia still existed
• An counterattack was begun to capture back Yogyakarta called the General Attack of March 1, 1949

General Attack Importance

• Gave diplomatic assistance, raised the motivation to fight for society and Dutch. The world could see TNI were strong when they fought Holland

Effects of the General Attack

• Raised morale/sympathy for other national leaders

Roem-Royen Negotiations

• The Indonesian rep Moh Roem and Dutch official Dr Van Royen
• The negotiation mediator Marla Cochram from UNCI.
• They would halt the war with guerrilla war style
• The Dutch would cease any military action and withdraw troops from Indonesia.
• That Dutch release every Indonesia Leader prisoners from Jogja.
• Another Round Table Conference would occur
• 100% Dutch left on June 29, 1949 from Jogja and many leaders

Inter-Indonesian Round Table Conference

• Conference Between the Republic of Indonesia w/ the Bijeenkomst voor Federaal Overleg Federal Conference in Jogja from July 19 beginning July 22 then moving to Jakarta on July 30

Key Decisions

• BFO support Indonesia in any demand or demand in a discussion.
• State’s name going to be The Republic of Indonesia.
• Official Indonesian flag’s still going to be, The Red and White.
• Indonesia stays independent at August 17
• APRIS will be Indonesian warrior

Key KMB Decision

• Holland will give out their power to The Republic of Indonesia with a record being free at Dec 27 1949. What Indonesia obligated will be returned at December 30 1949
• West Irian’s situation will be discussed back when their independence came out

Politics In Beginning Of Indepence

• Polities in Indonesia were really unstable once independence came around with Serikat State having total 16 countries. There was an idea to move back and unite
• Moh Hatta and his party had agreement to unite after discussion of all the problems. August 15 1950 Indonesia was united under the new UUD RI

Social Expansion

• There was a lot of bad racial issues caused by society. But everything did an overhaul and did their best to avoid that because now racial inequality has been dealt with