Early History of Agriculture and Society
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Early History of Agriculture and Society

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What led to the emergence of social stratification in early societies?

  • Increased trade
  • Advances in agriculture (correct)
  • Widespread literacy
  • Development of art

    • The slavery system in Iron Age empires was primarily established to support technological advancement.

    False

    What region is known as the center of agriculture around 8000 B.C.?

    Fertile Crescent

    The creation of laws resulted in the creation of __________, warriors, administrators, scribes, and politicians.

    <p>soldiers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following agricultural tools with their purposes:

    <p>Hoe = Soil cultivation Plow = Turning soil Harrow = Breaking up soil surface Scythe = Harvesting crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary reason for the need to control the population in early societies?

    <p>To ensure food supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Knowledge of food cultivation spread primarily from the Fertile Crescent to Eastern Europe.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What institution became the most powerful during the medieval period in Europe?

    <p>The Catholic Church</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the new forms of governance developed to manage food production and societal order?

    <p>Politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Feudalism emerged during the Fall of Rome.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of cathedral schools during the Middle Ages?

    <p>Training of clergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Earth revolves annually around the _____ and spins on its axis once daily.

    <p>Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following historical sites with their corresponding countries:

    <p>Westminster Abbey = England Basilica of Saint-Denis = France Cathédrale Notre-Dame = France St. Peter's Basilica = Italy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major consequence of the fall of the Roman Empire?

    <p>Fall of the wealthy class dependent on slave labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sciences significantly advanced during the medieval period in Europe.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What architectural styles were prominent during the medieval period?

    <p>Pre-Romanesque, Romanesque, and Gothic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher formalized deductive reasoning?

    <p>René Descartes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Francis Bacon advocated for subjective conclusions over rigorous data collection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant societal change emerged as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Labor related issues and the need to address worker rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The development of __________ during the Industrial Revolution significantly altered social structures.

    <p>new machines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following figures with their contributions:

    <p>René Descartes = Formalized deductive reasoning Francis Bacon = Emphasized data collection Steam Engine = Advanced industrial production Telegraph = Improved communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one advantage of creating formal institutions during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Standardization of ideas and concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'four idols' warned by Bacon refer to cultural biases that can affect scientific observation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the four idols warned by Francis Bacon.

    <p>Idols of the Tribe, Idols of the Cave, Idols of the Marketplace, Idols of the Theater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary motivation of the Luddites during the industrial revolution?

    <p>To prevent job loss caused by machines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spread of Western science was solely due to trade relations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the three phases proposed by George Basalla in the spread of Western Science.

    <ol> <li>Colonies as a source of scientific knowledge for colonizers. 2. Colonies dependent on colonizers for scientific training. 3. Former colonies with independent scientific tradition.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ were textile workers in England during the industrial revolution who protested against new machinery.

    <p>Luddites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of Western Science spread to their descriptions:

    <p>Phase 1 = Colonies provide scientific knowledge to colonizers Phase 2 = Colonies depend on colonizers for training Phase 3 = Former colonies develop independent scientific traditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following regions received modern science primarily through interactions with Western European countries?

    <p>Asia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Silk Roads were important for the exchange of both goods and ideas.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did horses introduced to China have on the Mongol Empire?

    <p>They contributed to the might of the Mongol Empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is known to have spread along the Silk Road?

    <p>Black Death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Age of Exploration led to slower routes between the East and West.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main phases proposed by George Basalla regarding the spread of Western Sciences?

    <p>Natural history and Colonial Science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The studies during Phase 1 predominantly include ______, zoology, and geology.

    <p>Botany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases to their descriptions:

    <p>Phase 1 = Dominated by natural history and exploration of new lands Phase 2 = Strengthening native cultures during colonial engagements Phase 3 = Involves nationalization and construction of new identities Colonial Science = Focus on scientific practices in colonized regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following countries was NOT mentioned as a provider of modern science during the 16th to 17th centuries?

    <p>Japan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phase 2 of the model explored only uncivilized nations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of science that was primarily studied during Phase 1.

    <p>Botany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Early History of Agriculture

    • The Fertile Crescent, a region in the Middle East, was the center of agriculture around 8000 BC.
    • Knowledge of agriculture spread from the Fertile Crescent to the Mediterranean region and Western Europe, introducing crops like oats, rye, and rice.
    • Agricultural advancements led to the development of tools like the hoe, plow, and harrow.

    Social Stratification

    • Advances in agriculture, particularly food production, fueled social stratification.
    • The transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural communities led to the emergence of classes dedicated to administration and governance.
    • Early systems of control included managing food supply, maintaining social order, and protecting against calamities.

    The Rise of Cities and Empires

    • The Bronze Age and Iron Age witnessed the rise of cities and empires across the globe.
    • The growth of cities and empires was fueled by advances in agriculture and the development of new technologies, including weapons and tools.
    • As societies grew more complex, the need for organized governance, laws, and social structures increased.

    Impact of Slavery

    • In large Iron Age empires like Rome, slavery played a crucial role in maintaining food production and construction projects.
    • The Roman Empire's dependence on slave labor for its economy contributed to its eventual decline and fall.

    The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages

    • The Catholic Church became the most powerful institution in Europe during the Middle Ages, filling the void left by the fall of the Roman Empire.
    • The Church established cathedral schools and universities for training clergy, making it a significant center of knowledge and culture.
    • Monasteries also served as centers of learning and cultural development.
    • Feudalism emerged during this period, with the Catholic Church playing a vital role in shaping the social order.

    Technological Development and the Formalization of Sciences

    • The development of technology for practical purposes was a key element in the shift from the Middle Ages to the early modern period.
    • The establishment of institutions dedicated to scientific research, like the French Royal Academy of Sciences, formalized science and knowledge generation, paving the way for the Industrial Revolution.
    • Scientists like Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon contributed to the advancement of scientific methodology through deductive reasoning and rigorous data collection.

    The Spread of Western Science

    • The spread of Western science began with contact between Western Europe and other regions through trade, military conquest, colonization, and missionary activities.
    • The Silk Road played a significant role in the exchange of goods and ideas between Europe and Asia, contributing to the development of technology and innovations across the world.
    • The Mongol Empire's use of horses, introduced from China, and the adoption of gunpowder from China, significantly impacted warfare in Europe and beyond.
    • The Age of Exploration led to the creation of faster routes between the East and West, further facilitating the spread of Western science.

    George Basalla's Framework

    • George Basalla proposed a three-phase model to describe the introduction of Western science to non-European nations.

    Phase 1: Natural History

    • This phase focused on the exploration and scientific documentation of new lands and their natural resources.
    • European explorers collected flora, fauna, and geological specimens, bringing them back to Europe for analysis and scientific understanding.

    Phase 2: Colonial Science

    • This phase saw the establishment of scientific disciplines and institutions within colonies to strengthen local cultures and national identities.
    • Colonies gained access to scientific knowledge and its application, potentially leading to the development of their own scientific traditions.

    Phase 3: Independent Science

    • At this stage, former colonies develop their own scientific traditions and innovations, separate from direct influence of the colonizers.
    • This denotes a shift from reliance on Western science to the establishment of an independent and self-sufficient scientific infrastructure.

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    Description

    Explore the origins of agriculture and its impact on social structures and the rise of early cities. This quiz covers key developments from the Fertile Crescent to the emergence of complex societies. Understand how advances in food production led to social stratification and urbanization.

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