Questions and Answers
Who is known as the 'father of experimental psychology'?
What methodological approach did Edward Titchener utilize in his studies?
What did William James emphasize in his functionalism?
How did Sigmund Freud contribute to understanding personality?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement best describes the key principle of Gestalt psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes classical conditioning as discovered by Ivan Pavlov?
Signup and view all the answers
What significant aspect of psychology did John B. Watson reject?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the main criticism of Titchener's method of introspection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key concept developed by B.F. Skinner in his research on operant conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which psychological approach emphasizes the role of environment in shaping behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the primary contribution of Carl Rogers to psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
Noam Chomsky is known for critiquing which psychological approach?
Signup and view all the answers
Which researcher is associated with the concept of the 'Magical Number Seven' in cognitive psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
Francis Cecil Sumner is recognized for being the first African American to achieve which milestone in psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What does WEIRD stand for in the context of multicultural psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What does perception primarily involve in addition to sensory information?
Signup and view all the answers
Which psychological field studies changes across the lifespan?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant reason for increased interest in later-life development?
Signup and view all the answers
The Five Factor model of personality includes which of the following traits?
Signup and view all the answers
What major aspect of Cognitive Psychology does not focus on?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a notable finding from Milgram's obedience experiment?
Signup and view all the answers
Which area of psychology examines differences in how individuals explain their own behavior versus others' behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
Which psychologist is known for challenging biased intelligence testing and advocating for bilingual education?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the duck-rabbit illusion illustrate about perception?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the main purpose of the 'doll studies' conducted by Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark?
Signup and view all the answers
Who was the first woman to receive a PhD in psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What was a significant contribution of Mary Cover Jones in the field of psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
Which important Supreme Court case was informed by the research of Mamie and Kenneth Clark?
Signup and view all the answers
What area does evolutionary psychology primarily study?
Signup and view all the answers
Which psychologist was the first Latina to earn a PhD in psychology in the U.S.?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a challenge faced by researchers in evolutionary psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does forensic psychology play within the justice system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which degree is typically required for most specialties in forensic psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
In what capacity might a forensic psychologist assist during trial proceedings?
Signup and view all the answers
What educational path may be taken for careers in clinical psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key component of postdoctoral training for research careers?
Signup and view all the answers
Which role in psychology may not require a doctoral degree?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one application of psychology in healthcare fields?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a common career path for BA graduates in psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Early Founders of Psychology
- Wilhelm Wundt: Considered the "father of experimental psychology," focused on conscious experience via introspection and believed in voluntarism, advocating for free will.
- William James: Developed functionalism, examining how mental processes assist adaptation to environments; emphasized habit and contributed to emotion theories and pragmatism.
Structuralism
- Edward Titchener: A student of Wundt who introduced structuralism to the U.S., focusing on dissecting mental processes into basic elements through introspection; faced criticism for subjectivity of this method.
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Sigmund Freud: Founded psychoanalysis, highlighting the unconscious mind, where suppressed feelings reside. Introduced the id, ego, superego model and emphasized childhood experiences' impact on personality, utilizing dream analysis and techniques like free association.
Gestalt Psychology
- Key figures: Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler emphasized perception and sensory organization with the principle that "The whole is different from the sum of its parts," influencing modern cognitive psychology.
Behaviorism
- Ivan Pavlov: Discovered classical conditioning, famously conditioning dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell, demonstrating the association of reflexes.
- John B. Watson: Rejected introspection, focusing on observable behavior and the environmental influence on behavior.
- B.F. Skinner: Developed operant conditioning through experiments using the Skinner box; key concepts include reinforcement and punishment, applying these to educational psychology.
Humanism
- Abraham Maslow: Created the hierarchy of needs, which ranges from physiological needs to self-actualization, focusing on human potential and characteristics of psychologically healthy individuals.
- Carl Rogers: Developed client-centered therapy emphasizing unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness, significantly shaping counseling practices.
Cognitive Revolution
- Noam Chomsky: Critiqued behaviorist views on language acquisition, introducing the concept of an innate language acquisition device (LAD), influencing cognitive psychology.
- Other contributors: George Miller (short-term memory limitations), Ulric Neisser (first cognitive psychology textbook), and Aaron Beck (cognitive therapy for depression).
Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology
- WEIRD society: Refers to Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic backgrounds in psychological research.
- Francis Cecil Sumner: First African American to earn a PhD in psychology in the U.S.; emphasized racial bias in intelligence tests.
- George I. Sanchez: Advocated against biased intelligence testing and promoted bilingual education.
- Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark: Their "doll studies" demonstrated segregation's effects on African American children, influencing the landmark Brown v. Board of Education case.
Women in Psychology
- Margaret Floy Washburn: First woman to receive a psychology PhD, authored "The Animal Mind."
- Mary Whiton Calkins: Completed PhD requirements at Harvard but denied the degree; researched memory.
- Mary Cover Jones: Pioneered behavior therapy through the "Little Peter" experiment.
- Martha Bernal: First Latina to earn a PhD in psychology; focused on ethnic identity.
- Inez Beverly Prosser: First African American woman to earn a PhD in psychology.
Branches of Psychology
- Evolutionary Psychology: Examines genetic behavior origins and current behavioral implications; studies areas such as relationships and memory.
- Sensation and Perception: Investigates sensory systems and psychological experiences, revealing how perception is shaped by attention and culture.
- Cognitive Psychology: Focuses on mental processes and relationships to behavior, collaborating across disciplines.
- Developmental Psychology: Examines lifespan changes in various capacities; increasing interest in aging populations.
- Personality Psychology: Studies unique thought patterns and behaviors; utilizes the Five Factor model to assess stable personality traits.
- Social Psychology: Analyzes human interactions, focusing on behaviors such as obedience (e.g., Milgram's experiment).
- Forensic Psychology: Applies psychology to the justice system, assessing trial competency, evaluations, and consulting on legal matters.
Educational and Career Paths in Psychology
- Most psychology specialties require a doctoral degree (PhD or PsyD).
- Faculty positions involve teaching and research; adjunct roles available without a PhD.
- Clinical psychology often necessitates licensure and supervised practice.
- Varied career options exist in healthcare, management, and social work for psychology graduates, with a bachelor's degree opening doors to various fields.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the foundational figures of psychology, including Wilhelm Wundt and William James. Discover their contributions, such as Wundt's introspection and James's functionalism. This quiz will enhance your understanding of key psychological concepts and their impact on the field.
