Early Childhood Reading Skills

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Questions and Answers

What is a key predictor of future reading achievement in children?

Ability to memorize letters

Print awareness tasks (correct)

Attendance at preschool

Participation in group activities

Which of the following exemplifies a narrative skill?

Understanding vocabulary words

Reading aloud from a book

Describing a recent family vacation (correct)

Identifying letters in the alphabet

What is the first step in the PEER sequence during dialogic reading?

Repeating the prompt

Promoting the child to say something about the book (correct)

Expanding the child's response

Evaluating the child's response

Which technique is designed to engage a child in a conversation about a book?

Dialogic reading Signup and view all the answers

How does the adult signal the importance of the child's thoughts during interaction?

By waiting for an answer respectfully Signup and view all the answers

What does the expansion step of the PEER sequence involve?

Rephrasing and adding information to the child's response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five types of prompts used in dialogic reading?

Yes/no questions Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of dialogic interactions in reading?

Helping the child learn new concepts and words Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of having students read passages aloud multiple times?

To develop reading fluency Signup and view all the answers

What accuracy percentage indicates a text is at a student's independent reading level?

95% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mistakes occurs when a child skips a word while reading?

Omission Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is NOT typically recommended for improving reading comprehension?

Reading silently Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for students to read texts that contain mostly familiar words?

To focus on fluency instead of decoding Signup and view all the answers

What does self-correction indicate when a child makes a reading mistake?

The child has an understanding of the context Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key component of quality reading instruction related to comprehension?

Vocabulary expansion activities Signup and view all the answers

What effect does reading too difficult text have on students according to the passage?

It hinders the development of fluency Signup and view all the answers

What defines a digraph in grapheme representation?

Two letters spelling a sound together Signup and view all the answers

In the word 'black', which letters represent different sounds?

b and l Signup and view all the answers

What is a common function of silent letters in English spelling?

To differentiate words in spelling Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a blend in grapheme representation?

Letters that represent sounds in sequence Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason many critics oppose the use of silent letters in English?

They do not represent any sound Signup and view all the answers

Which combination correctly indicates the sound representations of 'k' in different positions?

As /s/ before certain letters and /k/ elsewhere Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical effect of a double consonant in a multi-syllable word?

It signifies a phonetic change in the next vowel Signup and view all the answers

What does the asterisk (*) signify when placed before a word?

The word violates a spelling rule Signup and view all the answers

What is the key to the process of learning to read?

Identifying different sounds in words Signup and view all the answers

What does the alphabetic principle refer to?

The relationship between letters and phonemes Signup and view all the answers

How many sounds (phonemes) approximately exist in the English language?

40 to 44 Signup and view all the answers

What is phonological awareness?

The recognition of sounds in spoken language Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best summarizes the term 'phoneme'?

The smallest functional unit of sound Signup and view all the answers

What can be separated at three levels according to phonological awareness?

Syllables, onsets and rimes, and phonemes Signup and view all the answers

What does the ability to orally recognize word features include?

Recognizing rhymes and syllables Signup and view all the answers

What does Fitzpatrick (1997) refer to phonological awareness as?

The awareness of the structure of spoken language Signup and view all the answers

What is included in phonological awareness?

Phonemic awareness, rhymes, words, syllables, onsets, and rimes Signup and view all the answers

Which best defines phonemic awareness?

The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual sounds in spoken words Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a syllable?

It contains a vowel or a vowel sound Signup and view all the answers

What is an onset in relation to a syllable?

It is the initial consonant(s) sound of a syllable Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a syllable contains the vowel and all that follows it?

Rime Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes phonological awareness from phonemic awareness?

Phonological awareness includes a variety of sound units beyond phonemes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT fall under the category of phonological awareness?

Word identification Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about onsets and rimes is correct?

Both onsets and rimes are larger than phonemes but smaller than syllables. Signup and view all the answers

What helps children understand what they read more effectively?

Not having to work hard to decode words Signup and view all the answers

Which component does NOT contribute to fluency development?

Listening to background music while reading Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of students at the earliest stage of reading development?

They attach sounds to letters and blend them into words. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the two major instructional approaches to improve fluency?

Repeated and monitored oral reading Signup and view all the answers

How can teachers model fluent reading effectively?

By reading daily to students with expression Signup and view all the answers

What should students do after hearing a model of fluent reading?

Reread the text to practice fluency Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an additional benefit of reading to children?

Improving their handwriting skills Signup and view all the answers

How many times should students ideally reread a text to improve fluency?

Four times Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Literacy Defined

Literacy is generally defined as the ability to read and write.
However, literacy encompasses more than just reading and writing.
It includes communication, social practices, knowledge, language, and culture
Literacy is a tool for lifelong learning and empowering individuals and communities.

United Nations Literacy Decade

The 56th session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution in December 2001, declaring the period 2003-2012 as the United Nations Literacy Decade.
Aiming for universally accessible literacy.
The resolution highlighted that literacy is a foundation for further learning.
Emphasizing literacy as a means to enable individuals to participate in society fully.

Literacy as Freedom

Those who can't participate in literacy face exclusion from much communication.
Exclusion can lead to a deeper appreciation of literacy's importance as a means of freedom.

Literacy for Learning

Literacy acts as a tool for personal growth and active participation within a democratic society.
It enables communication, information sharing and critical thought about ideas.
Individuals develop in depth understandings through knowledge building, culture and experiences.
It involves use of language and images in diverse formats.

Reading as a Learned Process

Reading is not innate to humans and is developed through learning.
The act in reading involves decoding spoken and written words.
Children use both critical and creative interpretation skills to comprehend.
Exposure to spoken and written language helps build a child's vocabulary.
Exposure assists in the development of critical reading skills and helps to make sense of written words related to experience.
Decoding and comprehension are crucial to effective reading.

Language Skills for Early Literacy Development

Strong oral language skills are fundamental to early literacy
Oral language skill development in a child's native language and second language are important.
Early language skill development is not just learning a second language; it encompasses continuing development of first language skills.

Similarities between English and Spanish

The English and Spanish alphabets use the Roman alphabet.
Both English and Spanish have words that are very similar.
Sharing similar consonants and vocabulary.

Differences between English and Spanish

Different vowel sounds. Spanish typically has fewer vowel sounds and different combinations than English.
Different consonant and sounds for sounds present in English but not in Spanish
Variations in syntax.

Difficulties for Spanish Speakers

Variations in sounds between the languages.
The final 's' in the plural and third person.
The use of vowels in different ways.

Levels of Reading Process

Different stages in children’s reading acquisition and development
Different abilities and stages from making connections to description, to advanced picture reading, to expressing the story in written language
Each particular stage builds upon the previous
Progression in reading comprehension, from first steps of associating words with simple understanding to the stages where they can use text, and express understanding

What Preschoolers Like in Books

Simple rhyming.
Familiar objects and routines
Lift-the-flap books
Short stories
Lots of words repeated
Books about things they know.

Narrative Skills

A skill which involves expressing events in stories.
Children develop their ability to tell events
Children develop the skill by participating in conversations and building stories
Children develop the skill of understanding narrative structure

Prompting Children

Prompts encourage deeper and more intricate vocabulary.
Completion prompts- leaving blank spaces in sentences for children to fill in
Recall prompts - asking about recalled events or characters
Open-ended prompts - asking "how", or "what" or "why"
Wh- prompts - using the "what" "where" "why", "when".

Letter Knowledge

Recognizing that each letter has a different name, and how the letters are represented as sounds.
Using activities like pointing to letter in books to enhance recognition.
Utilizing letter knowledge when beginning to read.

Phonological Awareness

Children identifying the sounds contained within words.
Learning to recognize sounds in words, separating, blending and then putting together

Stages of the Writing Process

Drawing/picture writing- children drawing to express ideas
Scribbling- children writing various strokes and shapes
Random letters- children printing their names and putting random letters together to convey their message
Semi-phonetic/early spelling- children using letters to represent sounds and beginning words
Phonetic- stage children using starting and ending sounds to spell words
Transitional spelling- understanding of writing word structure and adding vowels
Conventional spelling- accurately representing words

Different Uses of Commas

Separate a list of items
Break longer sentences into shorter, easier to understand phrases
Adding extra information that is not necessary to the main idea but provides more depth of context
To break up groups of numbers

Punctuation

Capital letters, full stops, question marks, exclamation marks
Commas, inverted commas, and apostrophes

Morphology

Meaning, use and spelling of prefixes and suffixes
Spelling of words, understanding plural and singular forms and verb tense adjustments
Understanding of word family roots
Understanding and recognizing homophones.

Grammar

Understanding different word classes (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions).
Identifying and understanding sentence types including statements, questions, and commands.
Learning to express with complex sentences involving clauses, phrases and connective elements
Structuring and understanding paragraphs and linking of paragraphs

Planning and Drafting

Planning involves outlining ideas and subtopics
Creating diagrams to visualise steps
Writing steps or key points can include pre-writing activities
Drafting involves putting ideas from the plan into structured text
Discussing, evaluating and providing feedback on the work and writing methods.

Capital Letters

Used at the start of sentences, names of people, and places
Importance of proper capitalization

Different Subjects for Creative Writing

Imaginary place, a pet, family, alien, home, shopping list, personalised story, fairy tale

Characteristics for Each Writing Stage

Prephonetic- no understanding of letters and sounds, associating writing with shapes
Early Phonetic- identifying sounds and simple letter association
Late Phonetic - writing letters based upon sound, but not understanding vowel use
Phonic - understanding how different sounds are represented by different means, and how they link together
Syntactic-semantic Stage- use and understanding words and how they are linked using grammar and punctuation, understanding more complex writing formats

Warm-up Activities for Writing

Two-minute drill, brainstorming, active verbs, questions and answers to specific answers such verbs as yes, no, or position and location verbs.

Word Play Fun Activities

Alphabet activities, alliteration, name-based pyramids

Different Uses of Language in CLIL

Recognizing and correctly using different grammatical structures, phrases and functions
Understanding and applying complex sentence structures.

Vocabulary Difficulty in CLIL

Knowing that a word can have different meanings
Understanding that words change their meaning in everyday contexts.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts in early childhood reading development, focusing on predictors of reading achievement, dialogic reading techniques, and comprehension strategies. Assess your knowledge on important skills and practices that promote effective reading in children.