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Questions and Answers
What emotional benefit do children gain from having loving relationships with parents and siblings?
What emotional benefit do children gain from having loving relationships with parents and siblings?
During which psychosexual stage do children show heightened interest in their genitals?
During which psychosexual stage do children show heightened interest in their genitals?
What is a common source of fear in preschool children?
What is a common source of fear in preschool children?
What underlying reason do children identify with their same-gender parent in the Oedipal or Electra Complex?
What underlying reason do children identify with their same-gender parent in the Oedipal or Electra Complex?
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At what age do most girls experience their preadolescent growth spurt?
At what age do most girls experience their preadolescent growth spurt?
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What type of aggression might a preschool child display when taking a toy from another child?
What type of aggression might a preschool child display when taking a toy from another child?
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What term describes the ability to predict how well one will remember something?
What term describes the ability to predict how well one will remember something?
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How much do children in middle childhood typically grow in height each year until puberty?
How much do children in middle childhood typically grow in height each year until puberty?
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At what grade level has a child's vocabulary typically grown to approximately 40,000 words?
At what grade level has a child's vocabulary typically grown to approximately 40,000 words?
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Which fear is LEAST likely to occur during preschool years?
Which fear is LEAST likely to occur during preschool years?
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Which of the following best describes fluency disorders?
Which of the following best describes fluency disorders?
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What is a common characteristic of metamemory in children during middle childhood?
What is a common characteristic of metamemory in children during middle childhood?
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What condition refers to the repetition of sounds, syllables, or words longer than normal?
What condition refers to the repetition of sounds, syllables, or words longer than normal?
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Which language development skill do older children exhibit more flexibility in learning?
Which language development skill do older children exhibit more flexibility in learning?
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What aspect of self-concept tends to develop positively in children during middle and late childhood?
What aspect of self-concept tends to develop positively in children during middle and late childhood?
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What is the main characteristic of an articulation disorder?
What is the main characteristic of an articulation disorder?
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What cognitive abilities are primarily exhibited in the preoperational stage of development?
What cognitive abilities are primarily exhibited in the preoperational stage of development?
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What is a common cognitive limitation observed in young children?
What is a common cognitive limitation observed in young children?
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At what age range does Piaget identify the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
At what age range does Piaget identify the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
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Which of the following best describes a characteristic of children in the concrete operational stage?
Which of the following best describes a characteristic of children in the concrete operational stage?
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What cognitive development occurs between the ages of 2 and 7, according to Piaget?
What cognitive development occurs between the ages of 2 and 7, according to Piaget?
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What is meant by 'object permanence' as developed in the sensorimotor stage?
What is meant by 'object permanence' as developed in the sensorimotor stage?
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During which stage do children begin to use proper syntax and grammar to express concepts?
During which stage do children begin to use proper syntax and grammar to express concepts?
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What pattern of cognitive errors is observed across cultures in young children?
What pattern of cognitive errors is observed across cultures in young children?
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What cognitive skill involves the understanding that physical properties remain constant despite changes in appearance?
What cognitive skill involves the understanding that physical properties remain constant despite changes in appearance?
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At what age do Piaget's concepts suggest that children start developing operational and abstract reasoning?
At what age do Piaget's concepts suggest that children start developing operational and abstract reasoning?
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Which of the following is a cognitive limitation of preschoolers according to Piaget?
Which of the following is a cognitive limitation of preschoolers according to Piaget?
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What is one possible explanation for why young children have poorer memory compared to older children?
What is one possible explanation for why young children have poorer memory compared to older children?
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Which of the following stages of language development introduces grammatical modifications?
Which of the following stages of language development introduces grammatical modifications?
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What cognitive limitation refers to difficulty in grouping objects based on shared features?
What cognitive limitation refers to difficulty in grouping objects based on shared features?
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Which aspect of memory shows that young children perform better at one type compared to another?
Which aspect of memory shows that young children perform better at one type compared to another?
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By what age is basic syntax expected to be fully realized in children?
By what age is basic syntax expected to be fully realized in children?
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What significant physical changes occur around age 3?
What significant physical changes occur around age 3?
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Which hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for language and logic during early childhood?
Which hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for language and logic during early childhood?
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What is true about handedness in children?
What is true about handedness in children?
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What is a key characteristic of gross motor skills?
What is a key characteristic of gross motor skills?
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At approximately what average height should a child be by age 6?
At approximately what average height should a child be by age 6?
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Which statement correctly describes brain development in early childhood?
Which statement correctly describes brain development in early childhood?
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What do boys typically have more of compared to girls at the age of 3?
What do boys typically have more of compared to girls at the age of 3?
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What characterizes the development of the child's physical appearance around age 3?
What characterizes the development of the child's physical appearance around age 3?
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Study Notes
Physical Development in Early Childhood
- Body changes include loss of baby fat, developing a leaner build, and lengthening of trunks and limbs.
- By age 3, abdominal muscles form, resulting in a tighter stomach appearance.
- Boys typically possess more muscle mass than girls during this stage.
- Heads appear relatively large compared to bodies but reduce size ratio over time.
- At age 6, average height is about 46 inches and average weight is approximately 46 pounds, with variations influenced by socio-economic factors and health.
Brain Development
- Significant growth in brain complexity occurs, enhancing cognitive behavior.
- Brain divided into right (creativity, artistic skills) and left hemispheres (language, logic).
- Left hemisphere matures more quickly in early childhood; facilitates early language acquisition.
- Handedness becomes established by middle childhood, with 90% of the population being right-handed.
Motor Skills
- Motor skills encompass gross abilities like running, jumping, and balancing.
Cognitive Development
- Children become actively engaged in understanding, organizing, and manipulating knowledge.
- Cognitive limitations include difficulty with attention control, memory function, and distinguishing reality from appearance.
- Common cognitive errors are consistent across cultures, as identified during the preoperational stage (ages 2-7).
- Language use increases alongside symbolic thought and play, with children engaging in imaginative scenarios.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor (0-2): Coordination of senses with motor responses; object permanence develops.
- Preoperational (2-7): Symbolic thinking; imagination strong but complex thoughts challenging; conservation sensitivity begins.
- Concrete Operational (7-11): Logic applied to concrete situations; understanding of time and quantity develops.
- Formal Operational (11+): Abstract logic and reasoning; capable of hypothetical thinking.
Cognitive Limitations in Preschoolers
- Egocentrism: Inability to differentiate own perspective from others.
- Difficulty in classification and serial ordering of objects.
- Children generally exhibit less effective memory recall; recognition is better.
Language Development
- Sentence complexity correlates with advanced language development; increasing average word count per sentence.
- Stages of language development progress from utterances to complex sentences.
- Loving family relationships foster more positive friendships and interpersonal skills.
Sexuality and Development
- Ages 3-6 signify the phallic stage as children show increased interest in body parts, aligning with Freud’s theories of attraction and identification.
Emotional Development: Fears and Aggression
- Fear is common due to children’s fantasy lives; typical fears include animals and separation from parents.
- Aggression often surfaces around age 2-3, manifesting in both intentional harm and goal-directed hostility.
Physical Development in Middle and Late Childhood
- Growth patterns vary significantly; girls experience a growth spurt around ages 9-10 and boys around 11-12.
- Average growth rate is 2-3 inches and 3 kg per year leading up to puberty.
Metamemory and Metacognition
- Metamemory: Understanding memory processes aids in predicting study requirements.
- Metacognition: Awareness of cognitive abilities helps regulate learning strategies.
Language Development in Middle Childhood
- Vocabulary expands to 40,000 words by fifth grade, facilitating complex classification.
- Older children adapt to grammar rules more flexibly than younger peers.
Communication Disorders
- Fluency disorders include stuttering, affecting speech rate and clarity.
- Articulation disorders relate to producing speech sounds correctly.
- Voice disorders involve issues with pitch, volume, and quality, significantly more common in boys.
Psychosocial Development
- Positive self-concept and self-control typically develop in boys and girls during middle childhood.
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Description
This midterm quiz focuses on physical development in early childhood, specifically for children aged two to six. It covers body changes around age three, including loss of baby fat, growth in limbs, and gender differences in muscle mass. Assess your understanding of key concepts related to children's development during this crucial age.