Early Arabic Literature

Literature Definition

• Literature is defined as speech that stems from emotion and influences the soul, not just any form of speaking.

Impact of Arab Markets

• Arab markets served to unify the dialects of different tribes, influencing language and literature.

Pre-Islamic Era Definition

• The pre-Islamic era refers to the period preceding the advent of Prophet Muhammad.

Naming of Early Islamic Era

• The era was named "early Islamic era" because "sadr" means the beginning or the first part of something.

Impact of the Quran

• The Quran and the Prophet's teachings refined the language, moving it away from harshness.

Al-Burda Poem

• Ka'b bin Zuhair's poem praising the Prophet was named Al-Burda because the Prophet forgave him and gave him the cloak he was wearing.

Quss Ibn Sa'ida's Speech

• The opening of the speech was characterized by a call to grab the listener's attention.

Antara Bin Shaddad's Poem

• In Antara's verse, spears are likened to strong ropes that draw water and leave a mark.

Meanings in Antarah's Poetry

• Antarah's poetry derives its meanings from the high ideals of chivalry and bravery.

Stories in the pre-Islamic Era

• Stories in the pre-Islamic era were transmitted orally and not written down until the Abbasid era.

Characteristics of Meanings in Pre-Islamic Poetry

• Exaggeration is a key characteristic of pre-Islamic poetry's themes.

Significance of Mu'allaqat

• The Mu'allaqat are highly valuable in portraying the pre-Islamic environment comprehensively.

Number of Mu'allaqat

• Most consider the Mu'allaqat to be seven in number.

Early Islamic Era Definition

• The early Islamic era is defined as the period after the appearance of Prophet Muhammad.

Poetry During the Time of the Rightly Guided Caliphs

• Poetry was linked to content such as lamenting the Rightly Guided Caliphs and responding to adversaries.

Epic Poetry

• Poetry that narrates biographies and heroic deeds, whether real or imaginary, is called epic.

Poetry vs. Prose

• Poetry focuses on emotion and imagination, while prose focuses on thought and opinion.

Digression in Pre-Islamic Poetry

• Digression is considered a characteristic of pre-Islamic poetry.

Speeches of Tribal Leaders

• The speeches of tribal leaders before the Prophet are considered speeches of delegations.

Best Pre-Islamic poetry

• The finest odes in pre-Islamic poetry are called the Mu'allaqat.

Sincerity in Expression

• Sincerity in expressing inner thoughts and feelings relates to emotions.

Definition of a Proverb

• A concise, eloquent statement based on an event, story, or occasion is a proverb.

Al-Khansa's Emotion

• Al-Khansa's emotion in lamenting her brother Sakhr is one of pain and sadness.

Tarafa Bin Al-Abd's Muallaqa

• A verse from Tarafa bin al-Abd's Mu'allaqa includes the line: "I am the man, the striker you know, whose touch is like a snake's head that flashes." This verse demonstrates boasting (Fakhr).

Antarah bin Shaddad's Muallaqa

• A verse from Antarah bin Shaddad's Mu'allaqa includes the line: "O house of Ablah in al-Jiwa, speak to me, and may your morning be blessed, o house of Ablah, and be safe."

Imperative Verb "Tkalemy"

• The rhetorical device indicated by the imperative verb "Tkalemy" (speak to me) is hope (al-Tamani).

Characteristics of Pre-Islamic Poetry

• A common characteristic of pre-Islamic poetry's words is that they tend to be coarse and grand.

Quote from the Prophet's Speech

• A quote from the Prophet Muhammad's speech on the day of Hunayn: "O Ansar! What is this thing that has reached me about you? A sentiment felt in your hearts…" The word "makalah" means "speech".

Islam and Poetry

• Islam prohibited alcohol, foul language, and insults. It did not encourage frivolous entertainment. This led to a decline in poetry.

Ali's Speech

• Ali's speech after the arbitration incident is considered one of the political speeches.

Labid bin Rabia's Poem

• From Labid bin Rabia’s poem “They do not smear what they do with shame.”

Imru' al-Qais's Mu'allaqa

• From Imru' al-Qais's Mu'allaqa: "As if on the morning of departure, the day they were carried away, by the acacia trees of the tribe, the colocynth was being plucked." The meaning of the phrase "ghadātal bayni (غداة البين)" is "morning of separation."

Analysis of Imru' al-Qais Poetry

• The poem falls under individual (personal) Bedouin poetry.

Characteristics of Speeches and Sermons

• Brevity is not a general characteristic of pre-Islamic speeches.

Proverb Explanation

• For example, the proverb "I mean you, listen neighbor" is for someone who directs the words to a person and means by it another person.

Labid Bin Abi Rabia Poem Meaning

• Labid ibn Abi Rabiah boasts of the merits of his people, saying that their actions and their reputation are not stained by shame

Quss Ibn Saedah's Speech Style

• From the sermon of Quss bin Saedah: O you people! Listen and understand! ........ The sermon began with a style of "Vocation."