Podcast
Questions and Answers
What term describes the angular difference between true north and magnetic north?
What term describes the angular difference between true north and magnetic north?
- Magnetic Dip
- Heading Error
- Variation (correct)
- Deviation
The variation experienced by an aircraft:
The variation experienced by an aircraft:
- is corrected using a deviation card
- is caused by magnetic fields within the aircraft.
- is always constant regardless of location.
- changes based on the specific geographic location. (correct)
What is the typical range of variation in the United States, as discussed in the text?
What is the typical range of variation in the United States, as discussed in the text?
- 10° to 30°
- 0° to 10°
- 0° to 20° (correct)
- 5° to 15°
When navigating using a magnetic compass, what must a pilot do with the variation to determine their magnetic heading?
When navigating using a magnetic compass, what must a pilot do with the variation to determine their magnetic heading?
What causes deviation in a magnetic compass?
What causes deviation in a magnetic compass?
What is the purpose of the compass deviation card?
What is the purpose of the compass deviation card?
Which statement is true about magnetic compasses?
Which statement is true about magnetic compasses?
The magnetic variation can range, in some areas of the United States, as much as:
The magnetic variation can range, in some areas of the United States, as much as:
What was the primary purpose of the lenses attached to the airport lights?
What was the primary purpose of the lenses attached to the airport lights?
What was the purpose of the orange-colored steel cones used with airport lights?
What was the purpose of the orange-colored steel cones used with airport lights?
What was the approximate candlepower of the electric lamps used in early airway rotating beacons?
What was the approximate candlepower of the electric lamps used in early airway rotating beacons?
What was the rotation speed of the rotating beacon lights along the airway?
What was the rotation speed of the rotating beacon lights along the airway?
How were pilots intended to use the airway rotating beacons for navigation?
How were pilots intended to use the airway rotating beacons for navigation?
What was the purpose of the colored lens in each rotating airway beacon?
What was the purpose of the colored lens in each rotating airway beacon?
What specific color combination was used in the rotating beacons to identify airports?
What specific color combination was used in the rotating beacons to identify airports?
What is true of the rotating beacons at civilian airports today?
What is true of the rotating beacons at civilian airports today?
What is the 'ground track' or 'course' of an aircraft?
What is the 'ground track' or 'course' of an aircraft?
Why were common road maps inadequate for early aerial navigation?
Why were common road maps inadequate for early aerial navigation?
What is the scale of a sectional chart?
What is the scale of a sectional chart?
What is the primary limitation of using dead reckoning for navigation?
What is the primary limitation of using dead reckoning for navigation?
What primary type of pilot uses sectional charts?
What primary type of pilot uses sectional charts?
When calculating true heading using dead reckoning, what is the significance of a crosswind?
When calculating true heading using dead reckoning, what is the significance of a crosswind?
What is a key reason IFR pilots still carry sectional charts, despite using advanced navigation systems?
What is a key reason IFR pilots still carry sectional charts, despite using advanced navigation systems?
How does a pilot determine the true course on a sectional chart during flight planning?
How does a pilot determine the true course on a sectional chart during flight planning?
What distinguishes a World Aeronautical Chart (WAC) from a sectional chart?
What distinguishes a World Aeronautical Chart (WAC) from a sectional chart?
What is the relationship between true course and true heading in the absence of wind?
What is the relationship between true course and true heading in the absence of wind?
What is the approximate scale of a World Aeronautical Chart (WAC)?
What is the approximate scale of a World Aeronautical Chart (WAC)?
Which organization is primarily responsible for producing and printing sectional charts?
Which organization is primarily responsible for producing and printing sectional charts?
A pilot calculates a true heading that is different to the desired true course, what is this difference specifically called?
A pilot calculates a true heading that is different to the desired true course, what is this difference specifically called?
What is the function of a plotter in flight planning?
What is the function of a plotter in flight planning?
What does a magnetic compass indicate aboard aircraft, when compared to most aeronautical charts?
What does a magnetic compass indicate aboard aircraft, when compared to most aeronautical charts?
Why is it crucial for pilots to have accurate aircraft heading information when using aeronautical charts?
Why is it crucial for pilots to have accurate aircraft heading information when using aeronautical charts?
What was a primary consequence of airlines shifting from primarily carrying mail to incorporating passenger services?
What was a primary consequence of airlines shifting from primarily carrying mail to incorporating passenger services?
Why was it necessary for airlines to develop methods for flying in poor weather or at night?
Why was it necessary for airlines to develop methods for flying in poor weather or at night?
Initially, what was the primary method used for controlling an aircraft's attitude?
Initially, what was the primary method used for controlling an aircraft's attitude?
What is the primary method of navigation referred to as 'pilotage'?
What is the primary method of navigation referred to as 'pilotage'?
What is 'deduced reckoning' or 'dead reckoning' primarily based on?
What is 'deduced reckoning' or 'dead reckoning' primarily based on?
What is the main reason why a pilot must constantly adjust the aircraft's heading while using pilotage?
What is the main reason why a pilot must constantly adjust the aircraft's heading while using pilotage?
The 'wind correction angle' is a direct result of what type of environmental factor?
The 'wind correction angle' is a direct result of what type of environmental factor?
What was the reason for early airlines to dispose of war surplus aircraft?
What was the reason for early airlines to dispose of war surplus aircraft?
What is a potential mechanical failure of the heading indicator?
What is a potential mechanical failure of the heading indicator?
Which of the following is a key reason why pilots often combine pilotage and dead reckoning?
Which of the following is a key reason why pilots often combine pilotage and dead reckoning?
What is the primary purpose of establishing and marking en route navigation checkpoints on sectional charts?
What is the primary purpose of establishing and marking en route navigation checkpoints on sectional charts?
Why is visual navigation difficult or impossible during night or marginal weather conditions?
Why is visual navigation difficult or impossible during night or marginal weather conditions?
What was one of the earliest methods used for illuminating airports?
What was one of the earliest methods used for illuminating airports?
What action should a pilot take if they notice they have deviated from their planned route when using pilotage and dead reckoning?
What action should a pilot take if they notice they have deviated from their planned route when using pilotage and dead reckoning?
What is a limitation of relying solely on dead reckoning for navigation?
What is a limitation of relying solely on dead reckoning for navigation?
In sparsely populated areas, what makes it difficult for a pilot to determine their aircraft’s location visually?
In sparsely populated areas, what makes it difficult for a pilot to determine their aircraft’s location visually?
Flashcards
Visual Navigation
Visual Navigation
Flying during daylight hours and relying on visual references like the horizon to maintain level flight.
Pilotage
Pilotage
A method of navigation using maps and landmarks to guide the aircraft during flight.
Dead Reckoning
Dead Reckoning
A technique used to estimate position and course by calculating the effects of wind and aircraft speed on the flight path.
Crosswind Correction Angle
Crosswind Correction Angle
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Dynamic Pressure
Dynamic Pressure
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Aerodynamic Lift
Aerodynamic Lift
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Aerodynamic Drag
Aerodynamic Drag
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Artificial Horizon
Artificial Horizon
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Ground Track
Ground Track
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Aeronautical Charts
Aeronautical Charts
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Sectional Chart
Sectional Chart
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Navigation Aids
Navigation Aids
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Federal Airways
Federal Airways
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Visual Flight Rules (VFR)
Visual Flight Rules (VFR)
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Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)
Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)
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World Aeronautical Charts (WACs)
World Aeronautical Charts (WACs)
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Wind Correction Angle
Wind Correction Angle
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Magnetic Heading
Magnetic Heading
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True Course
True Course
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True Heading
True Heading
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Magnetic Variation
Magnetic Variation
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Rotating Beacon Lights
Rotating Beacon Lights
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Colored Lens Identification
Colored Lens Identification
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Airport Beacon Identification
Airport Beacon Identification
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Variation
Variation
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Agonic Line
Agonic Line
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Deviation
Deviation
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Compass Deviation Card
Compass Deviation Card
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Compass Correction
Compass Correction
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Compass Navigation
Compass Navigation
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True North
True North
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Study Notes
Early Airline History
- First scheduled flight in US was before WWI, between St. Petersburg and Tampa.
- This airline operated for three months in 1914, but folded due to low tourist numbers.
- No significant airline development occurred during WWI.
- After WWI, the US government sold surplus military aircraft, which helped the aviation industry grow.
- Following the war, airlines started using surplus aircraft but had short lifespans due to high operating costs and poor passenger appeal.
- Passengers were accustomed to luxury travel, not war surplus aircraft.
Post Office Mail Services
- In 1916, Congress authorized the Post Office Department to establish the nation's first airmail service.
- WWI delayed implementation.
- First flight from NY to Washington, DC was in May 1918 using Army aircraft.
- Airmail service was successful and expanded rapidly.
- Post Office offered an important lifeline to struggling airlines, by contracting routes.
- Airlines could use airmail revenue to lower fares and attract more passengers.
- This merging of passenger and mail services complicated airline schedules.
Visual Navigation
- Early pilots relied on visual references like the horizon, prominent landmarks, and maps to navigate.
- They needed to compensate for crosswinds, adjusting the aircraft's heading constantly.
- Road maps, unsuitable for aerial navigation, led to development of sectional charts.
Sectional Charts
- Sectional charts, are aeronautical charts scaled 1:500,000.
- They provide essential information for pilots, including location of cities, highways, airports, terrain, and navigation aids.
- They display federal airways and air traffic control facilities.
- Sectional charts are widely used, and are routinely produced by the National Ocean Service.
- IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) pilots use sectional charts even in case of navigational equipment failure.
- These charts permit visual flight navigation in uncertain weather or night flights.
Dead Reckoning and Flight Planning
- Dead reckoning is a method where projected flight path is determined based on initial flight conditions and assumed wind conditions.
- Pilotage, a supplementary technique for navigation, is used by combining it with dead reckoning.
- The pilot determines the route by calculating the course from destination to airport.
- The pilot notes weather conditions during flight and adjusts heading to accommodate changes.
- World Aeronautical Charts (WAC) provides less detailed information but covers larger areas than sectional charts.
Aircraft Instruments
- Magnetic compasses were the primary heading indicator.
- However, they are prone to errors from variations in magnetic north.
- Compass variation is the angular difference between true north and magnetic north, varies by geographic location.
- Heading indicators were designed to address shortcomings with traditional magnetic compasses, as they are not subject to acceleration and turning errors.
VFR Navigation
- VFR (Visual Flight Rules) navigation combines dead reckoning and pilotage for safety and precision.
- Visual navigation is critical during daylight hours, but at night, visual references are sparse, and precise location is challenging.
- Airport and airway lighting is crucial in those circumstances, which helps pilots locate and land safely.
- Rotating beacons were installed at airways, every 15 miles, to help pilots visually navigate.
- Each airport had a rotating beacon with unique color combinations for differentiation.
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Description
Explore the fascinating timeline of early airline development in the United States, highlighting key events from the first flights to the advent of airmail. Learn how World War I impacted aviation and how the post office contributed to the growth of the airline industry. This quiz covers essential milestones that shaped air travel.
