Henry VII

How did Henry develop the Powers of the Monarchy?

• Henry VII put the beginning of his reign at August 21, 1485, to designate Yorkists as traitors and subject them to attainders.
• August 22: Henry's army of 6,000 faced Richard III's larger army, with Stanley's 3,000 troops remaining on the sidelines.
• October 30: Henry's coronation at Westminster took place before his marriage and first Parliament to demonstrate his rightful claim to the throne.
• November 7: The first Parliament meeting included 28 Acts of Attainder against Yorkists and granted Henry tonnage and poundage for life; the Act of Resumption reclaimed crown lands given away after 1455.
• At the beginning of his reign, Henry's annual income was £12,000.
• Jasper Tudor was appointed as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
• In 1486, Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, became Lieutenant of the North.
• January 16, 1486: Papal dispensation was granted for Henry and Elizabeth's marriage.
• January 18: Henry and Elizabeth married.
• April 1486: Henry began a Royal Progression to the North.
• September 19: Prince Arthur was born.
• November 25, 1486: Elizabeth was crowned Queen of England.

Controlling the Nobility: Carrots

• The Order of the Garter was awarded to the Earl of Oxford in 1486 for aiding Henry at the Battle of Bosworth Field; 37 nobles received this honor from 1485-1509.
• The peerage decreased from 62 in 1485 to 42 in 1509.
• Justices of the Peace (JPs) saw increased powers: in 1485, they could arrest poachers and hunters; in 1491, they could grant bail; and in 1495, they could vet juries.
• The King's Council had 227 attendees from 1485-1509, with only about 6 or 7 on the working Council, including nobility, churchmen, and laymen.
• Edward IV created 9 earls, while Henry created only 3: Earl of Derby, Earl of Bath, and Earl of Devon.
• Edward created 2 viscounts and 13 barons, whereas Henry created 2 viscounts and 8 barons, with only 3 being genuinely new peerages accompanied by land grants

Controlling the Nobility: Sticks

• 138 attainders were passed, and 46 were reversed; more lenient than Edward III.
• Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey was imprisoned and attained in 1486 for supporting Richard III, but his attainders were gradually reversed after his refusal to escape with Simnel and his help in quelling rebellions.
• Henry became more paranoid, passing 51 attainders from 1504-09.
• Thomas Tyrell paid £1,738 for the reversal of his and his father’s attainders.
• After Warbeck's involvement, William Stanley was placed under attainder in 1493; fined £9,000 with an annual income of £1,000.
• Laws against retaining were passed in November-December 1487.
• Lord Burgavenny was convicted in 1507 for retaining 471 men and fined £70,650 but allowed to be placed under a bond of £5,000 over 10 years.
• Placement involved moving a noble away from his power base, like the Earl of Surrey being sent North as part of his attainder.
• Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Buckingham, was fined around £7,000 in 1496 for marrying without a license; revenue from wardship and marriage increased from £350 in 1487 to £6,000 in 1507.
• The Marquis of Dorset was placed under a £10,000 bond after suspected involvement in the Simnel plot.
• The Earl of Westmorland, Earl of Northumberland, and Viscount Beaumont of Powicke were fined £10,000 after the Battle of Bosworth Field, to be paid if they were disloyal.
• 46 of 62 noble families were at Henry’s financial mercy.
• There were 191 bonds in the first ten years of Henry's reign
• The number of nobles fell from 62 to 42 during his reign.
• Loyalty and ability were Henry’s requirements in his most important servants, where patronage had to be earned, according to Caroline Rogers.

Securing the Succession

• September 19, 1486: Arthur was born.
• March 26, 1489: The Treaty of Medina del Campo promised Arthur's marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
• November 28, 1489: Margaret Tudor was born.
• June 25, 1491: Henry VIII was born.
• March 18, 1496: Mary Tudor was born.
• September 27, 1501: Catherine arrived in England.
• November 14, 1501: Arthur and Catherine married.
• April 2, 1502: Arthur died.
• 1503: Henry VIII was promised to Catherine.
• April 22, 1509: Henry VII died, and Henry VIII ascended to the throne.
• June 11, 1509: Henry VIII married Catherine

Rebellions: Lovell Rebellion

• April 1486.
• It occurred during Henry’s Northern Progression at Lincoln.
• Three of Richard's supporters had broken sanctuary in Colchester.
• Viscount Lovell attempted to start an uprising in North Yorkshire
• Thomas and Humphrey Stafford tried to raise one in the midlands.
• Rules of sanctuary were altered as Staffords tried to reclaim it, no longer applicable in cases of treason.
• Lovell fled to Flanders.
• Humphrey was executed; Thomas was pardoned.

Rebellions: Lambert Simnel

• Simnel was used as the supposed Earl of Warwick because the real Earl was imprisoned in the tower and believed to be dead.
• Margaret of Burgundy supported Simnel due to her anger and recognised Simnel as her nephew.
• 2,000 German and Swiss mercenaries, led by Commander Schwarz, set sail for Ireland in April 1487.
• General Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare, accepted Simnel.
• May 24, 1487: Simnel was crowned as King Edward VI in Dublin.

Rebellions: Battle of Stoke

• June 16, 1487.
• Henry had 12,000 men, led by the Earl of Oxford; John de la Pole had 8,000, with 4,000 dying in battle.
• John de la Pole was killed in battle; Simnel was sent to work in the royal kitchen

Rebellions: Yorkshire Rebellion

• Parliament voted for £100,000 in taxes for war with Brittany, but only £27,000 was raised.
• Yorkshire was hit by a bad harvest, and people believed the tax was too much.
• Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, pleaded to the King but was murdered upon returning with no success.
• Rebels were led by John Egremont.
• The Earl of Surrey easily put down the rebels; Egremont fled to Flanders.
• The tax quota for Brittany was never collected due to the northern rebellion.

Rebellions: Perkin Warbeck

• Warbeck impersonated Richard, Edward's younger son.
• 1491: He landed in Ireland, but Kildare did not offer support.
• Charles VIII of France welcomed him but expelled him after the 1492 Treaty of Etaples.
• Margaret and Philip welcomed him into Burgundy.
• July 3, 1495: The first attempted landing in Deal, Kent, resulted in 150 of his army's deaths without even disembarking.
• July 1495: He arrived in Scotland, was welcomed by James IV, and married James’ cousin, Catherine Gordon.
• September 1496: A small Scottish force crossed the border but retreated due to a lack of support and Henry’s army.
• 1496: Kildare became loyal to Henry.
• The Treaty of Ayton in 1497 forced Warbeck out of Scotland.
• He landed in Ireland again but was rejected due to Kildare’s loyalty to Henry.
• September 12, 1497: Warbeck arrived at Lands End with 120 men, trying to exploit the Cornish rebellion, but was defeated by Daubeney’s army in Exeter and surrendered.
• 1499: Warbeck and the Earl of Warwick conspired to escape.
• November 23, 1499: Warbeck was hanged.

Rebellions: Cornish Rebellion

• January 1497: Parliament voted for £120,000 in taxes for war with James IV and Warbeck.
• 15,000 rebels marched to London but were stopped outside Exeter.
• September 17: At the Battle of Blackheath, Henry’s army crushed the rebels, killing 1,000
• Leaders Michael an Gof and Thomas Flamank were beheaded.

Rebellions: Earl of Suffolk (The White Rose)

• Edmund de la Pole fled to Calais in 1499, leading Henry to issue 51 attainders on Suffolk’s relations.
• 1501: He fled to the court of Holy Roman Emperor Maximillian.
• 1505: Philip’s ship wrecked in Port of Weymouth and he agreed to hand over de la Pole in return for Henry paying £158,000.
• Suffolk was imprisoned until 1513, when Henry VIII executed him.

Financial Consolidation

• Henry inherited a nearly bankrupt throne with an income of around £12,000 per annum.

Financial Consolidation: Ordinary Revenue

• Crown Lands: Included lands inherited by the Houses of Lancaster and York, Earldoms of Richmond, March, and Warwick, the Duchy of Lancaster, and the Principality of Wales; annual income rose from £29,000 in 1485 to £42,000 in 1509.
• Feudal Dues: Relief (inheritance tax) paid by an heir to receive inheritance, Wardship (control of minor's estates), Sir John Hussey was appointed Master of the King’s Wards to distribute Wardships which saw income rise from £350 in 1487 to £6,000 in 1507.
• Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Buckingham, was fined around £7,000 in 1496 for marrying without a license.
• Custom Duties Tunnage (Exports) and Poundage (Imports): Annual income rose from £33,000 to around £40,000.
• Legal System and Profits of Justice: The attainder of William Stanley brought in £9,000, with £1,000 annually afterward; Burgavenny was fined £70,450 in 1507 for retaining 471 men

Financial Consolidation: Extraordinary Revenue

• Bonds and Recognisances: Receipts rose from £3,000 in 1493 to £35,000 in 1505.
• Parliamentary Taxes/Subsidies: A 15th and 10th yielded £29,000-£31,000; special taxes for wars with Brittany and Scotland caused the Yorkshire and Cornish rebellions.
• Clerical Taxes: Special levies/subsidies imposed on the Church, yielding £9,000 per parliamentary subsidy, with occasional gifts such as £25,000 for the war with France.
• French Pension: After the Treaty of Etaples in 1492, France agreed to pay £159,000 (750,000 crowns) in £5,000 annual sum; Charles VIII agreed to pay arrears.
• £30,000 was generated for the Knighthood of Arthur
• Loans and Benevolences: £48,000 was raised in 1491 for war with Brittany, with £9,000 contributed by London.

How was England Governed at this Time? Central Government: Parliament

• Parliament met 7 times from 1485-1509, 5 of those times from 1485-1495.
• 227 members attended from 1485-1509, with only 6-7 on the working council.
• Parliament passed legislation but had limited real authority during Henry VII's time.
• 138 acts of attainder were passed.
• November 7, 1485: 28 attainders passed on Richard III supporters at the Battle of Bosworth Field, granting Henry tonnage and poundage for life with 138 in total, with 46 being reversed in comparison to Edward who passed 140 and reversed 42.
• March 1486: The Act of Resumption was passed, returning all crown land lost since 1455.
• Granted taxes, 15th and 10ths, and passed £100,000 in taxes for war with Brittany in 1489 (causing the Yorkshire rebellion), and £120,000 for war with James IV and Warbeck in 1497 (causing the Cornish rebellion); in 1504, only granted £40,000 of the £90,000 Henry asked for.
• 10% of all statutes dealt with control of the provinces, including the 1495 act on wages and hours.

Key Dates in Parliament

• 1485-86: Confirmed Kingship, passed attainders.
• 1487: Dealt with lawlessness and financial matters after the Battle of Stoke.
• 1489-90: Funded the Royal Army for the expedition against France.
• 1491-92: Funded the expedition against France again.
• 1495: Managed the threat of Warbeck.
• 1497: Funded the possible war against Scotland.
• 1504: Raised two levies for Princess Margaret’s marriage to James IV and Arthur’s posthumous knighthood.

Central Government: The Court

• The Court was central to Henry’s personal monarchy, where power depended on the relationship with the monarch, and not position held.
• Being favored at court could result in influence with the King, paid positions and increased status.

Levels of Court

• Household Proper: Looked after King and Guests, supervised by the Lord Stewart.
• Star Chamber
• Privy Chamber: Established after Stanley’s betrayal, cut Henry off from many contacts, making it more difficult to regain the King's favor.

Central Government: King’s Council

• 227 Councillors.
• Incorporated Nobility, Churchmen, and Laymen.
• Around 50% of the council was made up of clerics.

Central Government: King’s Council Core Group

• John Morton (Archbishop of Canterbury, 1486-1500).
• Richard Fox (Secretary).
• Reginald Bray (Chancellor of the Duchy and Lancaster).
• Nobles who served the King loyally were appointed, where the Earl of Oxford was Great Chamberlain, Jasper Tudor became the most powerful Noble in Wales, and Thomas Howard was made Lord Treasurer in 1501.

Central Government: Council Learned in Law

• Established in 1495, replaced the Star Chamber (established 1487) to control the Nobility.
• Maintained the Kings Revenue and Feudal rights and exploited his prerogative rights.
• Led by Bray until his death in 1503. From 1503 – 1513, ran by Empson and Dudley, who were resented for their work not being recognised in a court of law, and that those summoned were granted no right of appeal; Henry VIII executed them to win favor.
• This was a small body of legally trained professionals
• Other Committees included the Committee to implement Acts of Livery and the Council of General Surveyors, which audited the revenue from Crown Lands.

Local Government: Provincial Councils

• Wales: Ruled by the King’s eldest son since 1301; in 1471, a council was set up, with Henry delegating Jasper Tudor, and Arthur was named Prince of Wales.
• Representatives were chosen based on trust, ensuring Henry’s personal government was felt in every part of the kingdom.
• Irish courts were reorganised in 1494.
• North: Controlled by Percy and then the Earl of Surrey, Thomas Howard.
• Ireland: Ran by Edward Poyning.

Local Government: Wales

• Wales was split into the Principality and the March.
• The March was recognised as separate, with members not attending Parliament, and the King’s Writ did not run in the March.
• Edwards IV’s council, established in 1471, was revived by Henry in 1493, with 7-year-old Arthur appointed nominal head.

Local Government: Ireland

• Ireland was not ruled by a council.
• Jasper Tudor was Lord Lieutenant in 1485, an honorary position; actual ruling was carried out by the Lord Deputy.
• English influence was only felt in the Pale, a 50-mile strip of land north of Dublin.
• Irish chieftains ruled the rest, with the Geraldine and Butler families.
• The Earl of Kildare, leader of the Geraldine family recognised Warbeck’s claim to the throne in 1492 and was stripped of the title of Lord Deputy.
• In 1494, Prince Henry was appointed Lord Lieutenant and Sir Edward Poynings Lord Deputy.
• Poynings' Law gave much more authority to the Crown but the expense of trying to rule Ireland was too high, so Kildare was reinstated as Deputy.

Local Government: JP’s (Justices of the Peace)

• JPs were appointed on a county-by-county basis, met 4 times annually to administer justice.
• There were 18 per county on average.
• Powers of arrest covered poachers and hunters in 1485.
• Power to grant bail was given to the JP's in 1491
• Power to vet juries was enstated in 1495 and allowed them to decide on all criminal matters except murder; more difficult cases were referred to the assize court

Local Government: Sheriffs

• Sheriffs managed parliamentary elections.
• They were used for peacekeeping and detention of criminals.

How did Relations with Foreign Powers Change and Develop? How was the Succession Secured?

• 1485: The Navigation Act forbade English merchants from using foreign ships unless no English ships were available and required English ships to have a crew of at least 50% King’s subjects.
• A truce with Scotland occurred in 1486 because Henry VII was concerned that if James III refused to accept him as King of England, problems could arise in the north, where the Yorkists still had support; James died 2 years later and with the succession of 15-year old James IV instability re-emerged.
• A Commercial Treaty with France removed all restrictions on Franco-English trade, and was economically beneficial as well as helped to bring nations closer.
• July 1486: A Commercial Treaty with Brittany occurred because Henry owed Duke Francis II a debt of gratitude for providing shelter during his exile from 1471 to 1484.
• A treaty with the Holy Roman Empire occurred in 1487 that provided better security and less chance of an invasion backed by the Empire.
• February 1489: A treaty of Redon occurred between Brittany and England where 6,000 troops under the command of Lord Daubeney defended Breton Independence; Anne pleaded to pay for troops and not make alliances without Henry’s approval (failed as Anne married Charles VIII in 1491 under pressure, where France took Brittany).
• February 1489: Treaty of Dordrecht between the Holy Roman Empire (under Maximillian) and England where Henry was to send 3,000 troops to help Maximillian (failed as Maximillian did not provide troops for Breton independence).
• March 28, 1489: Treaty of Medina del Campo between Ferdinand, Isabella and Henry VII that recognised Henry as King, ended trade restrictions, and promised Catherine of Aragon (CoA) to Prince Arthur (agreed to go to war against France to recover Normandy and Aquitaine.)
• Maximillian made peace with Charles VIII of France in July.
• A commercial alliance between Portugal and England occurred in 1489 opening up further trade options.
• A treaty with Florence occurred in 1490 which allowed English wool to be imported into Pisa, the main Port of Florence.
• November 1492: The treaty of Etaples ended the Franco-English conflict where England led 12,000 troops into Brittany in the war's final stages.
• France agreed to remove troops from all French soil (except Calais) and pay England 745,000 crowns (£159,000).
• Imposed Tariffs on Venetian Wine in 1492, leading to the Venetian government lifting import duties.
• A Nine-Year Truce occurred in 1493 between England and Scotland after the pro-English Earl of Angus took control.
• A Trade embargo on Burgundy was made in 1493, being a massive risk in order to force Burgundy to force Warbeck out.
• March 31, 1495: the Holy League (League of Venice) was set up to deal with France during the Italian war, where England was pressured into European affairs, and signed between Pope Alexander VI, HRE Maximilian, Ferdinand II of Aragon, Venice, and Milan in opposition to Charles VIII of France, who invaded Italy in 1494 (Forced the French out of Italy in 1496).
• 1496; the Intercursus Magnus free trade deal with Burgundy (except Flanders) meant England was exporting over half of its cloth exports to europe by 1509 while cloth production had risen by 60%. This occurred on the terms that Philip did not support Warbeck.
• 1497: Scotland's support for Warbeck was ceased through The treaty of Ayton, which brought an end to the crisis and after Warbeck’s execution, it became a full peace treaty (first agreement of its kind with Scotland since 1328).
• The Marriage of Arthur and CoA occurred in 1501
• In 1502 the Treaty of Perpetual Peace occurred where James and Margaret would marry in 1503. Truce was also extended.
• 2nd April: Arthur died
• Henry VIII’s marriage to CoA was proposed in 1503.
• Isabella of Spain died in 1504
• October 1505: Treaty of Blois - Between Aragon and France, Ferdinand married Louis XII’s niece, Germaine de Foix and The French helped Aragon fight Philip of Castille.
• 1506: Intercursus Malus between Burgundy who would give Earl of Suffolk back, failed and Henry had to pay £158,000 and promised not to execute him, Marriage alliances: Henry VII was to marry Margaret of Austria, Prince Henry to Eleanor of Burgundy as well as Princess Mary to Charles of Burgundy, and Allowed English cloth to be exported without duty.
• It was seen as too generous for England and was reverted in 1507.
• 1508: League of Cambrai: Where Louis XII and Spain were main players, meaning England was isolated from European affairs with Henry VII in declining health.
• April 22, 1509: Henry VII dies, and Henry VIII ascends.
• June 11: Henry and CoA marry.

Securing the Succession (duplicated from above)

• September 19, 1486: Arthur was born.
• March 26, 1489: The Treaty of Medina del Campo promised Arthur's marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
• November 28, 1489: Margaret Tudor was born.
• June 25, 1491: Henry VIII was born.
• March 18, 1496: Mary Tudor was born.
• September 27, 1501: Catherine arrived in England.
• November 14, 1501: Arthur and Catherine married.
• April 2, 1502: Arthur died.
• 1503: Henry VIII was promised to Catherine.
• April 22, 1509: Henry VII died, and Henry VIII ascended to the throne.
• June 11, 1509: Henry VIII married Catherine.

How Did Society Change and with What Effect? Society

• By 1500 there were around 2 million commoners in England and Wales, around 50% under the poverty line and was mostly rural.
• There was a Population growth of 1430 – 2.1 million, 1522 – 2.3 million, and 1640 – 5.2 million.
• Husbandmen and Yeomen were able to rent or buy land, and they could be richer than gentlemen or esquires but still considered socially inferior.
• 55 nobles, 500 knights, 800 esquires and 5,000 gentlemen, making up 1% of the population.
• 10,000 regular clergy, and 35,000 secular Clergy

Key Developments: Agriculture

• Increase in enclosure, decline of open field farming, wool grew in profitability, and developments were less labor intensive which caused depopulation.
• 1488 and 89 legislation to tackle enclosure was never enforced.
• Increase in wool Production which was main ingredient of Flemish cloth industry based in Antwerp leading to increase in foreign demand for cloth.

Key Developments: Industry

• Merchant clothiers emerged, collected wool, thread and cloth leading to Increased exports, a Capitalist economy whilst industry remained cottage-based, and Control was taken away from individual sellers
• Exporting of cloth by Hansa merchants increased five-fold from beginning to end of 15th century.

Key Developments: Coinage

• Nov 1485 – Sir Giles Dabeney became Master of Monies and Keeper of Exchange, and this brought new coins introduced – Angel, Anglet, Quarter Ryal, Half Ryal, and Ryal of Gold.
• Shilling which had portrait of king meant domestic policy reform and propaganda.
• Little change had occurred since Edward III.

Key Developments: Trade with Burgundy and France

• 1493: Trade embargo on Burgundy.
• 1496: Intercursus Magnus, free trade with Burgundy (except Flanders).
• 1506: Intercursus Malus allowed English cloth to be exported without duty, seen as too lenient and reversed in 1507.
• 1487: France placed embargo’s on English trade after Henry VII backed Breton.
• Treaty of Etaples 1492.
• 1495: France ended all restrictions on English trade.
• This was economically damaging but politically necessary and gave england the right to trade freely, but gave english merchants too many priveleges
• Therefore gave rise to ease of access in terms of trade and stronger relations

Key Developments: Cloth Trade

• There was an Ascendance of Merchant adventurers, established 1407, exported finished cloth from London.
• The Merchants of the staple, who exported raw wool through Calais declined in power.
• 1487: Banned export of unfinished cloth by any foreign merchant.
• 1498: Ended the Hanseatic League’s privilege to control bullion exportation from England.
• 1504: Returned privilege in order to gain custody of Earl of Suffolk.
• Cloth made up 90% of all exports implying this was most important trade, with 60% increase in 1485-1509 and with 1.3% of the population worked full time or more part time by other people.
• Cloth exports to Hanseatic League increased 5x from 1400-1500, but eventually gave in to Hansa by 1504.

Key Developments: Shipping

• 1485 and 89 Navigation Acts – Prohibited from exporting using foreign ships if English were available.
• Crews had to be at least 50% English.
• The First dry dock was constructed in Portsmouth which improved repairs and shipbuilding.
• Henry began his reign with 7 ships but allowed the number to fall to five by 1488 where it remained throughout his reign.
• Acts had limited success as in 1509 over half of trade was still carried out in foreign ships.

Key Developments: Exploration

• Henry visited Bristol in 1486 and 96, and due to henry's patronage, england had more knowledge of north america than most contries because The Matthew landed on America in 1497 and Cabot Planted Flag.
• The Adventurers to the New Found Lands existed in 1506 but the focus was not on asia

Other Industries

• Tin was mined in Cornwall and lead was Mined in the Pennines
• Coal was mined in Northumberland and Durham which most was used domestically with 20% Newcastle Exports as Coal in 1509
• Germany was superior in metallurgy and mining, however for the scottish war, Henry VII sponsored building a blast furnace in kent.

Economy: Financial Consolidation (duplicated from above)

Economy: Financial Consolidation: Ordinary Revenue (duplicated from above)

Economy: Financial Consolidation: Extraordinary Revenue (duplicated from above)

How did Religious Ideas Change and Develop? Key Words:

• Catholic Church was immensely powerful and Plagued by corruption, which stemmed from people’s fears and beliefs, and had 35,000 ordained and 10,000 Monks.
• The Church had their own Legal system: Pope: God’s representative on Earth, Cardinals, Archbishops, Bishops and Parish Priests
• Heresy: Refusal to adhere to Catholic doctrine. 73 put on trial during Henry VII’s reign, 3 were burned alive.
• Lollards: Believed the Church should help people to live a life of evangelical poverty, Wanted the Bible translated to English, Denounced Papal authority, Rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation.
• Anticlericalism: Aware of the ‘proven abuses’ of the Church, and wished to reform the Church from within through humanism who never criticised church beliefs, instead criticized abusive practices.

Key Words: Humanism

• Arrived in 14th Century from Italy teaching mankind's power, education, and used original Greek and Latin Texts.
• Never criticized Catholic principles, but rather abusive Catholic practices such as over-reliance on ritual as opposed to worship and prayer, criticized indulgences (documents issued with the Pope’s authority) which cancelled out punishment in purgatory.
• Contradictory beliefs; Wolsey displayed humanist traits yet opposed the Vernacular Bible.

Printing Press

• Germany brought printing press to england in 1476 by William Caxton, and was established in 1478 which created More Literate englishmean, and the Standardisation of language which also created propaganda.
• 1504: Position of ‘King’s Printer’ was created.
• In 1520’s due to the reformation the market went through increased growth.

Key Religious Figures: Erasmus

• Erasmus was a Dutch scholar in great sympathy with scholars like Henry VII tutor John Skelton , became a Key figure in the humanist movement.
• 1499: Visited England for the first time.
• Published ‘Adages’ in 1500, in which he took ancient Roman proverbs that encouraged people to live a good life.

Key Religious Figures: Thomas More

• Lawyer, Scholar, writer, MP and lord chancellor.
• Wrote ‘Utopia’, in which he criticised the practices of the Catholic Church.
• 1516: Moved into King’s government and in
• 1518 he was Appointed the Privy Council before
• 1530 when he Replaced the Fallen Wolsey as Chancellor

Key Religious Figures: John Colet

• Oxford Graduate who translated the New Testament.
• Rejected Catholic principle of ‘mystical’ scriptures.
• Dean of St Pauls Cathedral from 1504, reformist violating latin law.
• Founded St. Paul’s and taught school humanities, violating Latin Law.