Questions and Answers
What are argumentative moves flawed by their very nature?
What can be used to stampede legitimate fears into panic or prejudice?
When an argument reduces a complicated issue to excessively simple terms, it is known as what?
What fallacy is illustrated by: "If we allow the children to choose the movie this time, they are going to expect to be able to choose the school they go to or the doctors they visit."?
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What type of appeals focus on emotional reactions and personal stories to persuade readers?
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__________ occurs when writers offer themselves or other authorities as sufficient warrant for believing a claim.
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A writer who assumes a particular position is the only acceptable one is expressing __________.
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What type of ethical fallacy involves destroying the credibility of opponents?
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When writers present only one side of a story to highlight their viewpoint, what ethical fallacy are they committing?
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This logical fallacy serves as the basis for most stereotypes about people or institutions.
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"The elderly woman broke her hip as a result of a fall" is an example of __________ because it is believed the injury caused the fall.
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What logical fallacy is illustrated by the statement: "You can't give me a C in this course; I'm an A student"?
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When a claim is made on grounds that can't be accepted as true, what kind of logical fallacy is this?
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Parsing words carefully can sometimes look like _______ or be the thing itself.
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______________ often occur when writers omit steps in an otherwise logical chain of reasoning.
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What logical fallacy occurs when an argument is easy to knock down?
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What type of logical fallacy introduces irrelevant claims to distract the audience?
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___________ are inaccurate or inconsequential comparisons between objects or concepts.
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___________ urge people to follow the same path everyone else is taking.
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Study Notes
Logical Fallacies Overview
- Fallacies: Arguments inherently flawed, undermining their validity.
- Scare Tactics: Techniques that exploit fears to incite panic or prejudice.
- Either/or Choices: Simplification of complex issues, presenting misleading binary options.
Specific Examples of Fallacies
- Slippery Slope: Example illustrating fear of extreme consequences from initial decisions.
- Overly Sentimental Appeals: Personal appeals that evoke guilt, deterring opposition to ideas or policies.
Types of Ethical Fallacies
- False Authority: Relying on personal claims or authorities without further justification.
- Dogmatism: Insistence that one's viewpoint is the only valid one, dismissing alternatives.
- Ad Hominem: Attacking opponents' credibility rather than addressing their arguments.
Selective Representation in Arguments
- Stacking the Deck: Presenting only favorable evidence while ignoring opposing viewpoints.
- Hasty Generalization: Forming stereotypes based on insufficient evidence or examples.
Causation and Reasoning Issues
- Faulty Causality: Misinterpreting cause-and-effect relationships in arguments.
- Begging the Question: Making claims based on premises that are already in dispute.
Ambiguity and Relevance in Arguments
- Equivocations: Misleading use of language that can be interpreted in various ways.
- Non Sequiturs: Omitting logical connections in an argument, leading to unsupported conclusions.
Misleading Argumentation Techniques
- Straw Man: Misrepresenting an opponent's argument to easily discredit it.
- Red Herring: Introducing irrelevant information to divert attention from the main issue.
Comparisons and Popularity in Persuasion
- Faulty Analogies: Making superficial or trivial comparisons that mislead.
- Bandwagon Appeals: Pressuring individuals to conform to the majority's choices or beliefs.
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Description
Test your knowledge of Chapter 5 from E.A.A. with these flashcards. This chapter focuses on various argumentative fallacies and tactics that can undermine logical reasoning. Perfect for students looking to enhance their understanding of critical thinking concepts.
