Untitled Quiz

Muscles Around the Oral Opening

• Sides ("Smile"):
  • Zygogmaticus Major: Raises the corners of the mouth
  • Zygogmaticus Minor: Raises the corners of the mouth
  • Risorius: Draws corner of the mouth laterally
  • Levator Anguli Oris: Lifts angle of the mouth
  • Levator Labii Superioris: Raises upper lip
  • Depressor Anguli Oris: Lowers the angle of the mouth
  • Depressor Labii Inferiores: Lowers the lower lip

Lateral Wall of Oral Cavity ("Satisfaction")

• Buccinator Muscle: Compresses the cheeks

Lips ("Kissing Muscle")

• Orbicularis Oris: Closes and purses the lips
• Marginal Part: Surrounds the lips
• Labial Part: Surrounds the lips

Chin ("Muscle of Doubt")

• Mentalis: Elevates and protrudes the lower lip

Muscles of the Upper Limb

• Shoulder Joint:

  • Deltoid: Abduction, flexion, extension of the arm
  • Subscapularis: Internal rotation of shoulder
  • Supraspinatus: Abduction of shoulder, stabilization
  • Infraspinatus: External rotation of shoulder
  • Teres Minor: External rotation of shoulder
  • Teres Major: Adduction and internal rotation of shoulder

• Arm: Specific muscles for the arm are not listed.

• Forearm: Specific muscles for the forearm are not listed.

• Hand: Specific muscles for the hand are not listed.

Muscles of the Shoulder

• Deltoid:
  • Origin: Spine of Scapula, Acromion of Scapula, Clavicle
  • Insertion: Deltoid Tuberocity of Humerus
  • Function: Abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation of the arm; flexion; extension

Muscles of the Upper Limb - Biceps Brachii

• Long Head:
  • Origin: Supraglenoid Tubercle
  • Insertion: Radial Tuberosity
• Short Head:
  • Origin: Coracoid process
  • Insertion: Radial Tuberosity
• Function: Flexion and supination of the forearm; flexion and abduction of the arm

Muscles of the Upper Limb - Triceps Brachii

• Medial Head: Origin: Diaphysis of Humerus
• Lateral Head: Origin: Diaphysis of Humerus
• Long Head: Origin: Infraglenoid Tubercle
• Insertion: Olecranon of Ulna
• Function: Extension of the forearm; extension and adduction of arm

Muscles of the Upper Limb - Anterior (Flexor) Group

• 1st Layer: Palmaris Longus, Flexor Carpi Radialis, Pronator Teres, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
• 2nd Layer: Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
• 3rd Layer: Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Flexor Pollicis Longus
• 4th Layer: Pronator Quadratus

Muscles of the Upper Limb - Posterior (Extensor) Group

• Superficial Layer: Extensor Digitorum, Extensor Digiti Minimi, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
• Deep Layer: Abductor Pollicis Longus, Extensor Pollicis Brevis, Extensor Pollicis Longus, Extensor Indicis

Muscles of the Hip Joint - Anterior Group

• Iliacus:
  • Origin: Iliac Fossa
  • Insertion: Lesser Trochanter of Femur
• Psoas Major:
  • Origin: Vertebral Bodies of T12-L5
  • Insertion: Lesser Trochanter of Femur
• Iliopsoas: Combination of Iliacus and Psoas Major
• Function: Flexion, adduction, and external rotation of the thigh; flexion of the trunk

Muscles of the Hip Joint - Posterior Group (Deep)

• Piriformis: External rotation of the hip; abduction; medial rotation.
• Obturator Externus: External rotation of the hip; adduction.
• Obturator Internus: External rotation of the hip; abduction.
• Gemellus Superior: External rotation of the hip; abduction.
• Gemellus Inferior: External rotation of the hip; abduction.
• Quadratus Femoris: External rotation and adduction of the hip

Muscles of the Hip Joint - Posterior Group (Superficial)

• Gluteus Maximus: Hip extension, abduction, lateral rotation.
• Gluteus Medius: Hip abduction, medial rotation.
• Gluteus Minimus: Hip abduction, medial rotation.
• Tensor Fasciae Latae: Hip flexion, abduction, medial rotation.

Muscles of the Thigh - Anterior Group

• Quadriceps Femoris:
  • Rectus Femoris: Origin: Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine; Insertion: Tibial Tuberosity via patellar ligament.
  • Vastus Lateralis: Origin:
  • Vastus Medialis:
  • Vastus Intermedius:
• Function: Extension of Leg; Flexion of Thigh

Muscles of the Thigh - Anterior Group (Sartorius)

• Sartorius:
  • Origin: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
  • Insertion: Tibial Tuberosity
• Function: Flexion of thigh and leg; external rotation of thigh; internal rotation of leg

Muscles of the Thigh - Medial Group

• Gracilis: Adduction of thigh;
• Adductor Magnus: Adduction of thigh
• Adductor Longus: Adduction of thigh
• Adductor Brevis: Adduction of thigh
• Pectineus: Adduction, flexion, and medial rotation of the thigh

Muscles of the Thigh - Posterior Group

• Biceps Femoris:
  • Long Head: Origin: Ischial Tuberosity; Insertion: Head of Fibula
  • Short Head: Origin: Lateral Lip of Linea Aspera; Insertion: Head of Fibula
  • Function: Flexion of Leg; External Rotation of Leg; Extension of thigh (long head)

Muscles of the Thigh - Posterior Group

• Semimembranosus: Flexion of the leg; extension of the thigh;
• Semitendinosus: Flexion of leg; Extension of thigh
• Biceps Femoris (mentioned above)

Muscles of the Leg - Anterior Group

• Specific muscles are not listed.

Muscles of the Leg - Lateral Group

• Fibularis Longus: Foot eversion, plantar flexion, and ankle inversion.
• Fibularis Brevis: Foot eversion, plantar flexion, and ankle inversion.

Muscles of the Leg - Posterior Group (Deep)

• Flexor Hallucis Longus: Foot flexion.
• Flexor Digitorum Longus: Toe flexion.
• Tibialis Posterior: Foot inversion and plantar flexion.
• Popliteus: Flexion and internal rotation of the leg.

Muscles of the Leg - Posterior Group (Superficial)

• Triceps Surae (Soleus): Plantar flexion of the foot; stabilize the knee.
  • Soleus: origin: head of fibula, tibia, posterior surface. Insertion: calcaneal tendon
  • Medial Gastrocnemius: Origin: medial epicondyle of femur. Insertion: calcaneal tendon
  • Lateral Gastrocnemius: Origin: lateral epicondyle of femur. Insertion: calcaneal tendon
• Plantaris: Plantar flexion of the foot; flexion of the leg.

Muscles of the Foot - Dorsal Group

• Extensor Hallucis Brevis: Extension of the great toe
• Extensor Digitorum Brevis: Extension of the toes

Muscles of the Foot - Medial Group

• Abductor Hallucis: (Medial foot muscles) Adducts the big toe.
• Flexor Hallucis Brevis: Flexion of the big toe.
• Adductor Hallucis: (Medial foot muscles) Adducts the big toe.

Muscles of the Foot - Lateral Group

• Abductor Digiti Minimi: (Lateral foot muscles) Abducts the little toe.
• Opponens Digiti Minimi: (Lateral foot muscles) Oppones the little toe.
• Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis: (Lateral foot muscles) Flexes the little toe

Muscles of the Foot - Middle Group

• Quadratus Plantae: Plantar flexion of the mid-foot.
• Flexor Digitorum Brevis: Flexion of the toes.

Muscles of the Foot - Interossei

• Dorsal Interossei: Abducts and extends the toes.
• Plantar Interossei: Adducts the toes.

Axial Skeleton

• The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs.
• It forms the central axis of the body.

Appendicular Skeleton

• The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
• These bones are attached to the axial skeleton.

Body Planes

• Sagittal Plane (Median Plane): Divides the body into left and right halves
• Transverse Plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior halves
• Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane): Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves

Body Positions and Movements

• Superior: Toward the head or upper part of the body
• Inferior: Away from the head or lower part of the body
• Anterior: Toward the front of the body
• Posterior: Toward the back of the body
• Medial: Toward the midline of the body
• Lateral: Away from the midline of the body
• Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment
• Distal: Farther from the point of attachment
• Superficial: Toward the surface of the body
• Deep: Away from the surface of the body
• Supination: Palm or sole faces upward or forward
• Pronation: Palm or sole faces downward or backward
• Dorsiflexion: Foot moves upward, toes closer to the ankle.
• Plantar flexion: Foot moves downward, toes away from the ankle.

Classifications of Bones

• According to position (axial and appendicular)
• According to shape (long, short, flat, irregular, pneumatic, and sesamoid bones)
• According to development (membrane, cartilaginous, and membrano-cartilaginous bones)
• According to structural classification (compact and cancellous/spongy bones)

Bone Cells

• Osteogenic cells: Stem cells that develop into osteoblasts
• Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells
• Osteocytes: Maintain bone matrix
• Osteoclasts: Bone-resorbing cells

Comparison Between Compact and Spongy Bone

• Nature: Compact bone is heavy and compact; spongy bone is light and spongy.
• Bone Marrow Cavity: Compact bone has a bone marrow cavity; spongy bone does not.
• Area: Compact bone fills outer layer; spongy bone fills inner layer.
• Made of: Compact bone composed of osteons; spongy bone composed of trabeculae.
• Forms: Compact bone forms shaft; spongy bone forms ends of bones.
• Work: Compact bone provides strength and support, bone marrow stores fat; spongy bone provides support, and bone marrow produces blood cells.

Structure of the Spine

• Cervical Vertebrae (C₁-C₇)
• Thoracic Vertebrae (T₁-T₁₂)
• Lumbar Vertebrae (L₁-L₅)
• Sacrum (fused vertebrae)
• Coccyx (tailbone)

Thoracic Cage

• Ribs
• Thoracic Vertebrae
• Sternum
• Costal Cartilages
• 7 true ribs are directly attached to the sternum
• 3 false ribs are joined to the 7th rib
• 2 floating ribs

The Appendicular Skeleton

• Upper Limb: One bone (humerus), two bones (radius and ulna), three sets of bones (carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)
• Lower Limb: One bone (femur), two bones (tibia and fibula), three sets of bones (tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)
• Pectoral Girdle: Scapula and clavicle
• Pelvic Girdle: Hip bones and sacrum

Carpal Bones

• Carpal bones include proximal row and distal row
• Proximal: (Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, and Pisiform) - (She Looks Too Pretty Try To Catch Her) -Distal row: (Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate)
• Consist of 8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpals, and 14 phalanges

Types of Cartilage

• Hyaline cartilage: Supports, flexibility
• Elastic cartilage: Strength, elasticity, and flexibility
• Fibrocartilage: Support and withstand heavy pressure

Summary of Joint Classes

• Fibrous (immobile): Bone ends joined by connective tissue
• Cartilaginous (immobile or slightly moveable): Joined by cartilage
• Synovial (freely movable): Has a synovial fluid filled capsule and articular cartilage.

Classification of Muscles

• By Structure: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
• By Control: Voluntary, Involuntary
• By Location: Head & Neck, Body Muscles, Upper Limb Muscles, Lower Limb Muscles
• By Fiber Arrangement: Parallel, Pennate, Convergent, and Circular