Untitled Quiz

Engineering Ethics

• Engineering ethics are crucial for public safety, trust, and professional accountability.
• Ethical engineering practices protect public health, safety, and well-being.
• Ethical standards foster trust among engineers and the public.
• Ethical guidelines ensure accountability for engineers' actions and decisions.
• Quality assurance is enhanced through ethical guidelines.

Code of Engineering Ethics

• A code of engineering ethics provides guidance for engineers in navigating ethical dilemmas.
• It standardizes ethical practices across the engineering profession.
• It reinforces the professional identity of engineers.
• It builds public confidence in the engineering profession.

Conflict of Interest

• A conflict of interest arises when an engineer's personal interests could influence their professional actions.
• Examples include financial interests (e.g., owning stock in a company impacted by a project), dual employment (working for competing companies), personal relationships (family member on a project), or accepting gifts from contractors.

Precision and Confidence

• Precision refers to the consistency of repeated measurements under unchanged conditions.
• High precision means that measurements are consistently reproducible.
• Confidence is the degree of certainty in the results of a study or measurement.
• A 95% confidence interval indicates that 95% of calculated intervals contain the true population parameter if the study were repeated.

Survey Design

• Key steps in designing a survey for research include defining the research objective.
• Identifying the target population.
• Choosing the survey method (e.g., online, telephone, face-to-face).
• Developing clear, concise, and unbiased questions, using a mix of open-ended and closed-ended questions.
• Piloting the survey to identify issues.
• Implementing the survey ethically and monitoring response rates.

Scientific Method

• The scientific method involves observation, question formulation, hypothesis generation, experimentation, data collection, analysis, conclusion drawing, and replication.
• This systematic and rigorous approach promotes objectivity and reproducibility.

Cross-Sectional vs. Longitudinal Studies

• Cross-sectional studies examine different groups at a single point in time.
• Longitudinal studies track the same group over an extended period.

Role of Assistants in Research

• Assistants are vital for data collection and management.
• Performing literature reviews and assisting in experiments are key roles.
• Performing statistical analyses is crucial for research.
• Training for assistants is essential to ensure ethical procedures are followed and research quality is high.

Research Proposals

• Research proposals at universities require approval to ensure ethical standards are maintained.
• They must align with the university's strategic goals and be relevant to current issues.

Intellectual Property

• Intellectual property refers to legal protections for creations of the mind.
• Main categories include patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets.

Self-Plagiarism

• Self-plagiarism involves reusing substantial parts of previous work without proper citation.
• It is crucial to acknowledge prior work when reusing it.
• The consequences of self-plagiarism can include retraction or damage to reputation.

Common Knowledge

• Common knowledge is widely known and accepted information.
• It does not require citation.
• Knowledge varies by audience.
• Misjudging common knowledge can lead to unintentional plagiarism.

Peer Review

• Peer review assesses research quality to ensure validity.
• Experts review manuscripts before publication.
• Peer review helps maintain academic standards and scholarly discourse.

Scientific Misconduct

• Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism.
• Ethical standards ensure credibility and trust in scientific findings.
• Researchers commit misconduct due to pressures to publish, financial incentives, and desire for recognition.

Sampling Methods

• Cluster sampling divides the population into clusters, and entire clusters are randomly selected.
• Stratified sampling divides the population into strata, and random samples are drawn from each stratum.
• Sampling methods should be chosen to ensure a representative sample and minimize bias.

Questionnaire Surveys vs. Interviews

• Questionnaire surveys are cost-effective for larger samples.
• They can ensure anonymity, standardize responses, and be easy to analyze statistically.
• Interviews offer rich qualitative data and allow for clarification.
• Interviews can probe deeper into responses and understand the context.

Question Types

• Closed questions offer pre-defined answers (e.g., multiple choice), and are easier to analyze quantitatively.
• Open-ended questions allow respondents to answer in their own words, providing richer qualitative data.
  • Both types of questions have advantages and limitations, and should be used appropriately.

Ethical Norms in Research

• The integrity, trustworthiness, and credibility of research are enhanced through ethical standards.
• The protection of participants, compliance with regulations, and promotion of collaboration are essential aspects of ethical research.

Research Process

• Identifying a research problem, reviewing existing literature, and formulating hypotheses.
• Developing a research design and collecting data and analyzing the results.
• Disseminating findings and reviewing the process.

Research Report Attributes

• Clarity, structure, relevance to research questions, and engagement with the reader.

Research Plan Components

• Introduction, literature review, methodology, justification, and expected outputs.