Urologic emergencies

Obstruction in dogs is most often caused by organized uroliths,

Owner calls concerned that her cat might be constipated, states that the cat appears restless, vocal and uncomfortable. Cat has also been observed grooming the urogenital region continuously. What do you suspect

Cat has been blocked for a while, there is hyperkalemia, what else would you expect to see

Compressing the bladder can dislodge a urethral plug if located at the tip of the penis, and normal outflow can be obtained

Commonly selected drug for sedation of a cat that needs a urinary catheter placement

A cystocentesis should be performed with the cat in a __________ position

When performing a cystocentesis the needle is inserted into the ____________

What size needle is used for cystocentesis

Disadvantage of urinary catheter

If abnormalities are recognized (like hyperkalemia and tachycardia), dextrose with or without regular insulin can be administered to drive potassium into the cells and transiently correct the hyperkalemia and cardiac disturbances.

The therapeutic goal of urinary catheterization

A catheter should be

Place the urine collection bag __________ than the patient

When a cat has a urinary catheter, urine output should be measured every ________

Urinary catheter care should be performed 2 times a day to prevent urinary tract infections and to monitor catheter function. The catheter should be kept clean at all times and free of fecal contamination.

After unblocking, approximately ____ of cats will undergo a postobstructive diuresis in which fluid administration must match the rate of urine production.

Medication used to decrease urethral resistance

The indwelling urinary catheter should be removed within ________ hours of treatment if no complications occur

In female dogs, a urinary obstruction is usually related to

Usual sites of obstruction in the dog are

Uroliths form in urine that is insufficiently saturated with minerals,

When an obstruction is located in the bladder, the dog may have signs similar to those of cystitis

In large breed dogs, cystocentesis can be performed more easily in a standing position or in lateral recumbency as long as the bladder is palpable and the procedure is performed aseptically.

Most common mineral detected in canine uroliths

Calcium oxalate crystals are very easy to dissolve and surgical intervention is not necessary

The kidney can regenerate to a degree to recover

Responsible for producing RBCs

Involved in controlling blood pressure

Calcitriol stimulates calcium absorption from the _________

Functional consequence of reduced blood flow to the kidneys

Results from damage to the cellular structure of the kidney by ischemic or toxic events

Results from an obstruction or diversion of the outflow of urine from the animal

CKF often is considered an emergency condition.

Acute-on-chronic kidney failure is a common emergency

Patient presents with weight loss, prior episodes of illness, polyuria , polydipsia, pale mucous membranes, small irregular kidneys, low body temperature, and poor hair coat and body condition. What do you suspect

If the kidney failure is caused by an infection, then a decrease in the white blood cell count will be seen.

In AKI, urine specific gravity ranges from 1.007 to 1.017, representing an inability to concentrate urine.

In kidney failure, If blood gases are available, the patient will tend to have a ___________ , associated with a high anion gap.

The presence of calcium oxalate crystals suggests ___________

Ultrasound may confirm ethylene glycol toxicity, which appears as ___________ of the cortex secondary to calcium oxalate crystal deposition.

Renal histopathology is an excellent indicator to distinguish between AKI and CKF

Leptospirosis titers must be evaluated in animals with AKI.

Goal of treatment for AKI or CKF

Used to treat ethylene glycol toxicity

Systemic hypertension develops from either fluid overload or uremia and may warrant antihypertensive therapy to prevent retinal detachment and cerebral hemorrhage.

Most life threatening electrolyte abnormality associated with ARF

May reduce gastric pH and reduce nausea

Diet for an animal with AKI should be low in

Percutaneous endoscopically placed gastric tube feeding should be provided 3 or 4 times daily. Each meal should not exceed _________________

The major difference between IHD (intermittent hemodialysis) and CRRT (continuous renal replacement therapy) is the length of time required to clear creatinine and urea and normalize the patient. IHD does this very ______