Parts of Speech:
- Nouns: person, place, thing, or idea
- Verbs: action or state of being
- Adjectives: modify nouns or pronouns
- Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Pronouns: replace nouns
- Prepositions: show relationship between words
- Conjunctions: connect words, phrases, or clauses
- Interjections: express emotion
Sentence Structure:
- Independent clause: complete thought
- Dependent clause: incomplete thought
- Clause types: declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory
- Sentence types: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex
Verb Tenses:
- Present: action happening now
- Past: action completed
- Future: action will happen
- Perfect tenses: action started in the past and continues
- Progressive tenses: action in progress
Clauses and Phrases:
- Independent clause: complete thought
- Dependent clause: incomplete thought
- Relative clauses: describe a noun
- Subordinate clauses: cannot stand alone

Word Types:
- Homophones: words with the same pronunciation
- Homographs: words with the same spelling
- Synonyms: words with similar meanings
- Antonyms: words with opposite meanings
Word Formation:
- Prefixes: added to the beginning of a word
- Suffixes: added to the end of a word
- Roots: core of a word
- Compounding: combining two words
Figurative Language:
- Metaphor: comparison without "like" or "as"
- Simile: comparison using "like" or "as"
- Personification: giving human-like qualities
- Hyperbole: exaggeration

Writing Process:
- Pre-writing: brainstorming and outlining
- Drafting: writing the first draft
- Revising: making changes to the draft
- Editing: checking for errors
- Publishing: sharing the final product
Text Structures:
- Narrative: telling a story
- Descriptive: describing a person, place, or thing
- Expository: explaining a topic
- Persuasive: convincing the reader
Effective Writing:
- Clarity: clear and concise language
- Coherence: organized and logical structure
- Tone: writer's attitude towards the topic

Poetic Devices:
- Imagery: creating sensory experiences
- Symbolism: using objects to represent ideas
- Alliteration: repetition of initial consonant sounds
- Assonance: repetition of vowel sounds
Poetic Forms:
- Sonnet: 14-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme
- Haiku: 3-line poem with a nature theme
- Free Verse: poem without a specific rhyme or meter
Poetic Movements:
- Romanticism: emphasis on emotion and nature
- Modernism: experimentation with form and language
- Confessional Poetry: personal and introspective

Literary Devices:
- Irony: contrast between what is expected and what occurs
- Foreshadowing: hinting at events to come
- Flashback: scene from the past
- Symbolism: using objects to represent ideas
Literary Genres:
- Novel: book-length fiction
- Short Story: brief fiction
- Drama: script for a performance
- Nonfiction: factual writing
Literary Periods:
- Classical Antiquity: ancient Greek and Roman literature
- Medieval Period: Middle Ages
- Renaissance: revival of classical styles
- Modern Era: contemporary literature

词类:
- 名词：人、地方、事物或 idea
- 动词：动作或状态
- 形容词：修饰名词或代词
- 副词：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词
- 代词：代替名词
- 介词：表示词之间的关系 +连词：连接词、短语或从句
- 感叹词：表达情感
句子结构: +独立从句：完整的想法 +从属从句：不完整的想法 +从句类型：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句 +句子类型：简单句、复杂句、合句、合复句