DSM-5 Criteria for Major Neurocognitive Disorder

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What is the minimum score on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment that indicates normal cognitive function?

24
26 (correct)
22
30

What is the primary use of CSF analysis in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease?

To determine the level of tau and phosphorylated tau (correct)
To examine the brain's shrinkage
To measure the level of amyloid in the brain
To analyze the level of ApoE4 genotype

What is the effect of ApoE2 genotype on the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease?

It is only present in 1% of the population
It increases the risk
It is protective (correct)
It has no effect

What is the typical course of Alzheimer's disease?

Gradual onset and slow progression (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of low levels of amyloid in the CSF?

It is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease?

Lower years of education (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred treatment for patients under 60 years old with Parkinson's disease?

Dopamine agonists (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of dopamine agonists?

They are orally available and don't require injection (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why dopamine agonists are preferred in younger patients?

They are less likely to cause dyskinesia (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main complication of Parkinson's disease that can occur later in the course of the disease?

Fluctuations in disease with more complications (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of orthostatic hypotension?

A drop of 20 mmHg in systolic blood pressure or 10 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using Duodopa?

It can be used in patients with delayed gastric emptying (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Tilt test in patients with syncope?

To reproduce symptoms in a controlled environment (C) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of ischemic strokes are caused by carotid artery disease?

20% (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for thrombolysis in ischemic stroke?

Symptom onset < 4.5 hours (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of intracerebral hemorrhage?

Aneurysm rupture (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic test of choice for pulmonary embolism?

Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for tension pneumothorax?

Needle decompression (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for chest drain insertion?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of cirrhosis?

Ascites (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary diagnostic test for celiac disease?

IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for esophageal varices with bleeding?

Terlipressin (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Kwashiorkor?

Inadequate protein intake with reasonable caloric intake and edema (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first line investigation for small bowel tumors in patients with obscure GI bleeding?

Video capsule endoscopy (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Marasmus?

Inadequate intake of protein and calories without edema (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of duodenal ulcers that bleed heavily?

85-90% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a perforated duodenal ulcer?

Sudden upper abdominal pain, absent bowel sounds, rigid abdomen (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the sensitivity of ultrasound for diagnosing gallstones?

90% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic edge of arterial ulcers?

Defined (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor for venous ulcers?

Obesity (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ulcer is typically painless due to sensory neuropathy?

Neuropathic ulcer (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic location of post-thrombotic and varicose ulcers?

Above the medial malleolus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach to slough in chronic lower limb ulcers?

Do not remove slough unless arterial insufficiency is excluded (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic edge of Marjolin's ulcer?

Punched out (A) Signup and view all the answers