34 Questions
What is the minimum score on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment that indicates normal cognitive function?
26
What is the primary use of CSF analysis in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease?
To determine the level of tau and phosphorylated tau
What is the effect of ApoE2 genotype on the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease?
It is protective
What is the typical course of Alzheimer's disease?
Gradual onset and slow progression
What is the significance of low levels of amyloid in the CSF?
It is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease
Which of the following is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease?
Lower years of education
What is the preferred treatment for patients under 60 years old with Parkinson's disease?
Dopamine agonists
What is the main advantage of dopamine agonists?
They are orally available and don't require injection
What is the reason why dopamine agonists are preferred in younger patients?
They are less likely to cause dyskinesia
What is the main complication of Parkinson's disease that can occur later in the course of the disease?
Fluctuations in disease with more complications
What is the definition of orthostatic hypotension?
A drop of 20 mmHg in systolic blood pressure or 10 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure
What is the benefit of using Duodopa?
It can be used in patients with delayed gastric emptying
What is the primary goal of the Tilt test in patients with syncope?
To reproduce symptoms in a controlled environment
What percentage of ischemic strokes are caused by carotid artery disease?
20%
What is the primary indication for thrombolysis in ischemic stroke?
Symptom onset < 4.5 hours
What is the most common cause of intracerebral hemorrhage?
Aneurysm rupture
What is the diagnostic test of choice for pulmonary embolism?
Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA)
What is the primary treatment for tension pneumothorax?
Needle decompression
What is the primary indication for chest drain insertion?
All of the above
What is the primary complication of cirrhosis?
Ascites
What is the primary diagnostic test for celiac disease?
IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody
What is the primary treatment for esophageal varices with bleeding?
Terlipressin
What is the characteristic of Kwashiorkor?
Inadequate protein intake with reasonable caloric intake and edema
What is the first line investigation for small bowel tumors in patients with obscure GI bleeding?
Video capsule endoscopy
What is the characteristic of Marasmus?
Inadequate intake of protein and calories without edema
What is the percentage of duodenal ulcers that bleed heavily?
85-90%
What is the characteristic of a perforated duodenal ulcer?
Sudden upper abdominal pain, absent bowel sounds, rigid abdomen
What is the sensitivity of ultrasound for diagnosing gallstones?
90%
What is the characteristic edge of arterial ulcers?
Defined
What is the primary risk factor for venous ulcers?
Obesity
Which type of ulcer is typically painless due to sensory neuropathy?
Neuropathic ulcer
What is the characteristic location of post-thrombotic and varicose ulcers?
Above the medial malleolus
What is the recommended approach to slough in chronic lower limb ulcers?
Do not remove slough unless arterial insufficiency is excluded
What is the characteristic edge of Marjolin's ulcer?
Punched out
This quiz covers the criteria for diagnosing major neurocognitive disorder according to the DSM-5, including memory impairment, deficits in cognitive domains, and causes of dementia. It also touches on the use of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment.
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