Drugs and Nervous System Structure

<p>Neurons can only transmit signals in one direction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integrating input signals before transmitting them (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional behavior and interpretation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase the surface area of the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium (Na+) channel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperpolarization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a graded potential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repolarization phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The absolute refractory period is characterized by a complete inability to generate another action potential. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Threshold potential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potassium (K+) channel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequency is directly proportional to stimulus strength. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of negatively charged proteins within the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The membrane potential becomes more negative (hyperpolarization) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potassium (K+) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-70 mV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By measuring the electrical potential inside the axon relative to the outside using a microelectrode (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The electrical signal is transmitted by ions, while the chemical signal is transmitted by neurotransmitters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It integrates incoming signals and initiates action potentials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of positively charged proteins inside the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure unidirectional propagation of action potentials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myelin concentrates current flow at the Nodes of Ranvier, increasing conduction speed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opening of voltage-gated potassium channels in the presynaptic terminal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionotropic receptors directly control ion channel opening while metabotropic receptors indirectly influence ion channel activity through second messengers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PSPs are conducted more slowly than action potentials. (C), PSPs are generated by passive mechanisms while action potentials are active. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depolarization of the membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide feedback on the amount of neurotransmitter released. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It significantly alters the functions of certain cells at low doses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integrating information between sensory and motor neurons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animal models can provide valuable insights into human biology and behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory neuron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling the development of specific body parts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory neurons receive information from the environment and motor neurons transmit information to muscles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect changes in muscle length. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regions of the brain including occipital, parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes, each with distinct functions.

Responsible for early-stage vision processing in the brain.

Associated with somatosensation (touch and pain) and late-stage vision processing.

Involved in memory, hearing, and language comprehension.

Associated with planning, movement signaling, working memory, and behavior inhibition.

Brain structure associated with memory consolidation and context.

Region of the brain involved in motor planning and learning.

Principle stating that electrical signals in a neuron flow in one direction only.

An exogenous chemical that alters cellular function.

Drugs that affect thinking, mood, or behavior.

Instrumental use serves a purpose; recreational is for pleasure.

How the central nervous system structures and coordinates bodily functions.

Reception, Transmission, Integration, Decision/Action.

Sensory neuron that sends information toward the CNS.

Motor neuron that sends information away from the CNS.

Neuron that integrates information between sensory and motor neurons.

The electrical charge difference across a neuron's membrane, approximately -70 mV.

The process by which a presynaptic neuron sends signals to the postsynaptic neuron, involving electrical and chemical signals.

A tool inserted through the neuronal membrane to measure electrical potential inside the neuron.

The unequal concentration of ions; Na+ and Cl- outside, K+ and A- inside a neuron.

Increasing extracellular Na+ concentration has no effect on resting potential.

Increasing extracellular K+ concentration depolarizes the membrane potential.

The membrane potential where ion flow is balanced; Na+ ~+55 mV, K+ ~-90 mV, Cl- ~-60 mV.

The neuron's membrane allows K+ to move out while restricting other ions' movement.

Forces that oppose diffusion and help maintain equilibrium.

A pump that moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into a neuron using energy.

Inputs received by a neuron from other neurons that can cause changes in membrane potential.

A change in membrane potential making it more negative, often due to K+ outflow.

A process where the membrane potential becomes less negative due to Na+ influx.

Characteristics of an action potential: nondecremental, proportional frequency, and all-or-none.

Includes rising phase, repolarization phase, hyperpolarization phase, and afterhyperpolarization.

The absolute refractory period prevents another AP; the relative makes it harder but possible.

Rapid transmission of action potentials in myelinated axons between Nodes of Ranvier.

Gaps in the myelin sheath where action potentials are regenerated.

Electrical signal transmitted along the axon of a neuron.

Process where neurotransmitters are released from vesicles into the synaptic cleft.

Depolarizing potential that increases likelihood of a neuron firing.

Hyperpolarizing potential that decreases likelihood of a neuron firing.