Drugs and Addiction Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a naturally-produced hallucinogen?

  • Psilocybin
  • MDMA
  • Amphetamine
  • Mescaline (correct)
  • Which model of addiction suggests that the user lacks moral character or self-control?

  • Disease model
  • Positive reward model
  • Physical dependence model
  • Moral model (correct)
  • Which model of addiction suggests that the user requires medical treatment?

  • Positive reward model
  • Moral model
  • Disease model (correct)
  • Physical dependence model
  • Which model of addiction suggests that drug use is driven by positive reward sensations?

    <p>Positive reward model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor(s) contribute to the risk of addiction?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives cue-induced drug use?

    <p>Environmental stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective treatment for addiction?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What needs to be addressed in addiction treatment?

    <p>Medical, social, psychological, vocational, and legal problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is Exam 1 scheduled?

    <p>In 2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be covered in the upcoming lecture on Thursday?

    <p>Sensory Systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs acts on the CNS and alters normal function?

    <p>Antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mental illness is characterized by difficulty differentiating between real and not real?

    <p>Schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of symptoms are hallucinations and delusions considered to be?

    <p>Positive symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which generation of antipsychotic drugs primarily relieve positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>First-generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs block the reuptake of 5-HT and NE?

    <p>Antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs interacted with tyramine-rich diets and greatly increased stroke risk?

    <p>Antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs block Na+/Ca2+ channels at high doses, leading to potential danger?

    <p>Antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs primarily relieve negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>Second-generation antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs act as selective antagonists for DA D2 receptors?

    <p>First-generation antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs block D2 receptors along with others, like 5-HT?

    <p>Second-generation antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs are commonly used to treat anxiety disorders?

    <p>Anxiolytic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs directly block pain signals from the body?

    <p>Analgesic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs bind to cannabinoid receptors in the body?

    <p>Cannabinoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs are commonly used to treat multiple sclerosis, pain, and nausea/vomiting?

    <p>Cannabinoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs are agonists at nicotinic ACh receptors?

    <p>Nicotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs block monoamine reuptake and provide an alternative target for MAO?

    <p>Stimulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs have a biphasic effect, with an initial stimulant phase followed by a depressant phase?

    <p>Alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs strongly activate 5-HT receptors and may help treat some psychiatric disorders?

    <p>Hallucinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs are very effective but addictive and dangerous?

    <p>Barbiturates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs are safer alternatives to barbiturates?

    <p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three naturally-produced hallucinogens mentioned in the text?

    <p>Mescaline, psilocybin, and MDMA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two systems that MDMA activates?

    <p>5-HT and DA systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the moral model of addiction, what does the user lack?

    <p>Moral character or self-control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the disease model of addiction, what is required for the user?

    <p>Medical treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the physical dependence model of addiction, why does the user continue drug use?

    <p>To avoid withdrawal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the withdrawal symptoms of opioid drugs?

    <p>Sedation, pain relief, enhanced pleasure/happiness, constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the positive reward model of addiction, what compels drug use?

    <p>Positive reward sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some factors that contribute to the risk of addiction?

    <p>Biology, environment, stress, parental influence, early drug use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cue-induced drug use?

    <p>Increased likelihood of drug use due to presence of factors associated with previous drug use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some possible treatments for addiction?

    <p>Behavioral therapies, medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of opioid receptors?

    <p>mu ($\mu$), delta ($\delta$), kappa ($\kappa$)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two psychoactive drugs produced by the cannabis plant?

    <p>Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the effects of THC when used recreationally?

    <p>Relaxation, mood alteration, stimulation, and paranoia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the legal status of cannabis as of 09/23?

    <p>Recreational: Illegal, Medical: Decriminalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the claims of CBD's effects?

    <p>Anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and antiepileptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the short-term effects of amphetamine?

    <p>Increased vigor/stamina, wakefulness, decreased appetite, and euphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for amphetamine on monoamines?

    <p>Reverses monoamine transporters, amplifies monoamine release, blocks monoamine reuptake, and provides an alternative target for MAO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the effects of alcohol during the stimulant phase?

    <p>Activation and social disinhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the effects of LSD?

    <p>Mood changes, creativity, and sensory disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the permanent fetal damage resulting from alcohol abuse during pregnancy called?

    <p>Fetal alcohol syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four major classes of therapeutic drugs?

    <p>Antipsychotics, Antidepressants, Anxiolytics, Analgesics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is schizophrenia?

    <p>Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by psychosis, which is a difficulty differentiating between real and not real.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>The positive symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations and delusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>The negative symptoms of schizophrenia include social withdrawal and blunted emotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between first-generation and second-generation antipsychotic drugs?

    <p>First-generation antipsychotic drugs are typically selective antagonists for DA D2 receptors, while second-generation antipsychotic drugs block D2 receptors along with others, like 5-HT.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the earliest antidepressant drugs?

    <p>The earliest antidepressant drugs are monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problem with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors?

    <p>MAO inhibitors interacted with tyramine-rich diets, greatly increasing the risk of stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do tricyclic antidepressant drugs block?

    <p>Tricyclic antidepressant drugs block the reuptake of 5-HT and NE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problem with tricyclic antidepressant drugs at high doses?

    <p>At high doses, tricyclic antidepressant drugs block Na+/Ca2+ channels, which can be dangerous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four major classes of therapeutic drugs?

    <p>Antipsychotics, Antidepressants, Anxiolytics, Analgesics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different addiction models mentioned in the text?

    <p>Moral model, Disease model, Physical dependence model, Positive reward model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the effects of mescaline and psilocybin?

    <p>Hallucinogenic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the effects of MDMA?

    <p>Both stimulant and hallucinogenic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What systems does MDMA activate?

    <p>5-HT and DA systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the claims of the moral model of addiction?

    <p>The user lacks moral character or self-control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the claims of the disease model of addiction?

    <p>The user requires medical treatment and disease is lifelong and progressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the claims of the physical dependence model of addiction?

    <p>Drug use is to avoid withdrawal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the claims of the positive reward model of addiction?

    <p>Drug use is compelled by positive reward sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to the risk of addiction?

    <p>Biology (genes), environment, social influences, early drug use, stress, parental influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cue-induced drug use?

    <p>Increased likelihood of drug use due to the presence of factors associated with previous drug use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the differences between first-generation and second-generation antipsychotic drugs?

    <p>First-generation antipsychotic drugs are typically selective antagonists for dopamine D2 receptors and primarily relieve positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Second-generation antipsychotic drugs block D2 receptors along with others (like 5-HT) and have some limited ability to relieve negative symptoms as well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the problems associated with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors as antidepressant drugs?

    <p>MAOIs interact with tyramine-rich diets, greatly increasing the risk of stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the dangers of tricyclic antidepressant drugs at high doses?

    <p>Tricyclic antidepressants block Na+/Ca2+ channels at high doses, which can be dangerous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs strongly activates 5-HT receptors and may help treat some psychiatric disorders?

    <p>Serotonin (5-HT) agonists strongly activate 5-HT receptors and may help treat some psychiatric disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>The positive symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations and delusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>The negative symptoms of schizophrenia include social withdrawal and blunted emotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives cue-induced drug use?

    <p>Cue-induced drug use is driven by the association between drug-related cues and drug use itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of addiction suggests that the user requires medical treatment?

    <p>The disease model of addiction suggests that the user requires medical treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some possible treatments for addiction?

    <p>Possible treatments for addiction include therapy, medication, and support groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to the risk of addiction?

    <p>Factors such as genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and individual characteristics contribute to the risk of addiction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of opioid receptors and what do they stand for?

    <p>The three main types of opioid receptors are mu ($\mu$), delta ($\delta$), and kappa ($\kappa$).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two psychoactive drugs produced by the cannabis plant?

    <p>The two psychoactive drugs produced by the cannabis plant are Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the effects of THC when used recreationally?

    <p>The effects of THC when used recreationally include relaxation, mood alteration, stimulation, and paranoia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the claims of CBD's effects?

    <p>Some claims of CBD's effects include anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and antiepileptic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the effects of LSD?

    <p>The effects of LSD include mood changes, creativity, and sensory disturbances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three naturally-produced hallucinogens mentioned in the text?

    <p>The three naturally-produced hallucinogens mentioned in the text are LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is schizophrenia?

    <p>Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by difficulty differentiating between real and not real, disorganized thinking and speech, and hallucinations or delusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do tricyclic antidepressant drugs block?

    <p>Tricyclic antidepressant drugs block the reuptake of specific monoamines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for amphetamine on monoamines?

    <p>The mechanism of action for amphetamine on monoamines includes reversing monoamine transporters, amplifying monoamine release, blocking monoamine reuptake, and providing an alternative target for MAO.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>The positive symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, and abnormal motor behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the positive reward model of addiction, drug use is compelled by positive reward ______.

    <p>sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mescaline and psilocybin are examples of naturally-produced ______.

    <p>hallucinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MDMA is a hallucinogenic version of ______.

    <p>amphetamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ model of addiction suggests that the user lacks moral character or self-control.

    <p>moral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ model of addiction suggests that the user requires medical treatment.

    <p>disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ model of addiction suggests that drug use is to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

    <p>physical dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ model of addiction suggests that drug use is driven by positive reward sensations.

    <p>positive reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Environmental stimuli can become associated with the effects of drugs, leading to ______ drug use.

    <p>cue-induced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    No single treatment is most effective for addiction, and treatment needs to address medical, social, psychological, vocational, and legal ______ of the user.

    <p>problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Preventing addiction from occurring in the first place can be achieved through behavioral therapies and ______.

    <p>medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (______) are specific to 5-HT and include Prozac, Zoloft, and Celexa.

    <p>SSRIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (______) target both 5-HT and NE and include Effexor.

    <p>SNRIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ function as CNS depressants and are typically GABAA agonists.

    <p>Anxiolytic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ are the earliest drugs used as sedative-hypnotics, but they are addictive and dangerous.

    <p>Barbiturates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______, such as Xanax, Valium, and Librium, are safer alternatives to barbiturates.

    <p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ directly block pain signals from the body and work on the same receptors as endogenous opioids.

    <p>Opioid drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cannabis produces several psychoactive drugs, including THC and CBD, which bind to cannabinoid receptors.

    <p>Cannabinoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the active ingredient in cannabis and is often used recreationally for its effects.

    <p>THC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is a less-psychoactive cannabinoid with claims of anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and antiepileptic effects.

    <p>CBD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ increase neuronal activity by acting on monoamine systems, such as nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamine.

    <p>Stimulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antipsychotic drugs are primarily used to relieve ______ symptoms of schizophrenia

    <p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tricyclic antidepressants block the reuptake of ______ and NE

    <p>5-HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The earliest antidepressant drugs were monoamine oxidase (MAO) ______

    <p>inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MAOIs interacted with tyramine-rich diets, greatly increasing the risk of ______

    <p>stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The four major classes of therapeutic drugs are antipsychotics, ______, anxiolytics, and analgesics

    <p>antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by ______

    <p>psychosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The newest antipsychotics block D2 receptors along with others, like ______

    <p>5-HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tricyclic antidepressants block Na+/Ca2+ ______ at high doses

    <p>channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include ______ and delusions

    <p>hallucination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include social withdrawal and ______ emotion

    <p>blunted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drug types with their descriptions:

    <p>Antipsychotics = Drugs used to treat mental illness characterized by psychosis Antidepressants = Drugs used to prevent degradation of monoamines Anxiolytics = Drugs that directly block pain signals from the body Analgesics = Drugs that act on the CNS and alter normal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with the associated condition:

    <p>Hallucination, delusions = Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia Social withdrawal, blunted emotion = Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia Stroke risk = Problem with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors Dangerous blockage of Na+/Ca2+ channel = Problem with high doses of tricyclic antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drug types with their associated problems:

    <p>Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors = Interacted with tyramine-rich diets, increasing stroke risk Tricyclic antidepressants = Block Na+/Ca2+ channel at high doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the generation of antipsychotic drugs with their characteristics:

    <p>First-generation = Selective antagonists for DA D2 receptors Second-generation = Block D2 receptors along with others like 5-HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following therapeutic drugs with their effects:

    <p>Antipsychotics = Relieve positive symptoms of Schizophrenia Newest antipsychotics = Limited ability to relieve negative symptoms of Schizophrenia Antidepressants = Block reuptake of 5-HT and NE Tricyclic antidepressants = Block Na+/Ca2+ channel at high doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the drug with its action:

    <p>First-generation antipsychotics = Selective antagonists for DA D2 receptors Second-generation antipsychotics = Block D2 receptors along with others like 5-HT Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors = Prevent degradation of monoamines Tricyclic antidepressants = Block reuptake of 5-HT and NE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the therapeutic drug class with its associated mental disorder:

    <p>Antipsychotics = Schizophrenia Antidepressants = Depression Anxiolytics = Anxiety Analgesics = Pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the drug with its associated risk:

    <p>Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors = Increased stroke risk with tyramine-rich diets Tricyclic antidepressants = Blockage of Na+/Ca2+ channel at high doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the description with the type of Schizophrenia symptoms:

    <p>Hallucination, delusions = Positive symptoms Social withdrawal, blunted emotion = Negative symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the drug type with its mechanism of action:

    <p>Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors = Prevent degradation of monoamines Tricyclic antidepressants = Block reuptake of 5-HT and NE First-generation antipsychotics = Selective antagonists for DA D2 receptors Second-generation antipsychotics = Block D2 receptors along with others like 5-HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hallucinogens with their sources:

    <p>Mescaline = Hallucinogenic cactus Psilocybin = Magic mushrooms MDMA = Amphetamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following addiction models with their brief descriptions:

    <p>Moral model = User lacks moral character or self-control Disease model = User requires medical treatment Physical dependence model = Drug use to avoid withdrawal symptoms Positive reward model = Drug use compelled by positive reward sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the opioid drug effects with their corresponding withdrawal symptoms:

    <p>Sedation = Agitation, insomnia Pain relief = Increased pain sensitivity Enhanced pleasure/happiness = Severe dysphoria (unpleasant feelings), depression Constipation = Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their roles in addiction:

    <p>Biology = Genes make up about half of risk Environment = Social influences, physical/sexual abuse, early drug use, stress, parental influence Personality = Aggressiveness, emotional control abilities Development = Interaction of genes x environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match these terms with their definitions related to addiction:

    <p>Cue-induced drug use = Increased likelihood of drug use because factors are present that were also present when the drug was last used VTA neurons = Neurons activated by addictive drugs, causing DA release into the nucleus accumbens Rat Park experiment = An experiment suggesting that social factors can influence addiction Treatment = Addressing medical, social, psychological, vocational, legal problems of user</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following treatment methods for addiction with their descriptions:

    <p>Behavioral therapies = Prevent addiction from occurring in the first place Medication = No single treatment is most effective 12 step programs (AA, NA) = Must submit to a higher power Treatment program (rehab, support groups) = Treatment needs to be readily/easily available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions related to drug effects:

    <p>5-HT = Activated by both stimulant and hallucinogenic effects of MDMA DA systems = Activated by both stimulant and hallucinogenic effects of MDMA Physical dependence = Drug use to avoid unpleasant sensations when drug use stops NAcc = Motivational thrust due to DA release into this area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following models of addiction with their descriptions:

    <p>Moral model = Promotes self-blame, self-hatred, and powerlessness Disease model = No blame, but responsibility. Disease is lifelong, progressive Physical dependence model = Withdrawal symptoms opposite of drug's normal effects Positive reward model = Addictive drugs directly or indirectly activate VTA neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions related to addiction treatment:

    <p>Behavioral therapies = Prevent addiction from occurring in the first place Higher power = God or treatment program according to the Disease model Withdrawal symptoms = Unpleasant sensations when drug use stops Self-administration experiments = Show addiction can occur without physical dependence or withdrawal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions related to addiction research:

    <p>Cue-induced drug use = Increased likelihood of drug use when factors present during past drug use are also present Rat Park experiment = Experiment suggesting that social factors can influence addiction VTA neurons = Neurons that are activated by addictive drugs, causing DA release NAcc = Area where DA release creates a motivational thrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs to their primary effects:

    <p>SSRIs = Specific to 5-HT (Prozac, Zoloft, Celexa) SNRIs = Targets both 5-HT and NE (Effexor) Benzodiazepines = Safer alternatives to Barbiturates (Xanax, Valium, Librium) Opioid drugs = Directly block pain signals from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs to their respective receptor types:

    <p>Nicotine = Agonist at nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) Cannabinoids = Bind to cannabinoid receptors Opioid drugs = Work on mu (μ), delta (δ), kappa (κ) receptors Alcohol = Acts via GABAA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances to their effects:

    <p>Cocaine = Blocks monoamine reuptake causing euphoria, increased heart rate/blood pressure Amphetamine = Increased vigor/stamina, wakefulness, decreased appetite, euphoria LSD = Strongly activates 5-HT receptors causing mood changes, creativity, sensory disturbances Alcohol = Biphasic effects – initial stimulant phase followed by a depressant phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their specific properties:

    <p>SSRIs and SNRIs = Also have anxiolytic properties (curb day-to-day anxiety) Benzodiazepines = Safer alternatives to Barbiturates Opioid drugs = Work on same receptors as endogenous opioids (enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins) Cannabinoids = Bind to cannabinoid receptors of endogenous cannabinoids (anandamide)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances to their effects:

    <p>THC = Effects include relaxation, mood alteration, stimulation, and paranoia CBD = Less-psychoactive cannabinoid with claims of anxiolytic, antipsychotic, antiepileptic effects Stimulants = Increase neuronal activity by increasing excitatory input or decreasing inhibitory activity Alcohol = Effects are biphasic – initial stimulant phase followed by a depressant phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs to their primary usage:

    <p>Antidepressant drugs = Block reuptake of specific monoamines Anxiolytic drugs = Treat anxiety disorders Analgesic drugs = Act as painkillers Stimulants = Increase neuronal activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs to their associated risks:

    <p>Barbiturates = Very effective, but addictive and dangerous Cocaine = Extremely addictive, can cause aggression, psychosis, irritability, hyperawareness Amphetamine = Quick development of tolerance and addiction, prolonged use can lead to neurotoxicity Alcohol = Can cause Fetal alcohol syndrome – permanent fetal damage resulting from alcohol abuse during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs to their effects:

    <p>Nicotine = Agonist at nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs), cognitive enhancement Cocaine = Blocks monoamine reuptake causing euphoria, increased heart rate/blood pressure Amphetamine = Increased vigor/stamina, wakefulness, decreased appetite, euphoria Alcohol = Effects are biphasic – initial stimulant phase followed by a depressant phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs to their effects on monoamines:

    <p>Cocaine = Blocks monoamine reuptake Amphetamine = Reverses monoamine transporters in membrane, vesicles, amplified monoamine release after APs, blocks monoamine reuptake, provides alternative target for MAO MDMA = Induces neurotoxicity in nigrostriatal DA pathway Alcohol = Indirect effects result in increased DA release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs to their effects:

    <p>THC = Effects include relaxation, mood alteration, stimulation, and paranoia CBD = Less-psychoactive cannabinoid with claims of anxiolytic, antipsychotic, antiepileptic effects LSD = Strongly activates 5-HT receptors causing mood changes, creativity, sensory disturbances Alcohol = Effects are biphasic – initial stimulant phase followed by a depressant phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pain is characterized as sharp, quick pain that triggers protective reflexes?

    <p>Fast pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nociceptor contains TRPV1 channels that open at high temperatures and also binds capsaicin?

    <p>Thin, unmyelinated C fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the natural pain control system is activated by strong pain signals and releases endogenous opioids into the spinal cord?

    <p>Periaqueductal gray (PAG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs bind to opioid receptors in the spinal cord and gate pain signals directly?

    <p>Opiate drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of pain control typically uses electrical stimulation to block or alter pain signals to the brain?

    <p>TENS/mechanical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs primarily relieve positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>Second-generation antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for amphetamine on monoamines?

    <p>Increasing release of monoamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs directly block pain signals from the body and work on the same receptors as endogenous opioids?

    <p>Opiate drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some factors that contribute to the risk of addiction?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the claims of CBD's effects?

    <p>Anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and antiepileptic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor cell responds to vibration and pressure in the skin?

    <p>Pacinian corpuscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the progressive decrease in a receptor's response to sustained stimulation?

    <p>Adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain regions are important in attention and are activated when expecting a stimulus?

    <p>Posterior parietal lobe and cingulate cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the area in which the presence of a stimulus will alter a receptor cell's firing rate?

    <p>Receptive field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy is used by sensory systems to detect varied stimuli by using different receptor cells to respond to different types of stimuli?

    <p>Multiple versions of the same receptor cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the brain is responsible for more advanced processing of somatosensory information?

    <p>Secondary somatosensory cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which we select or focus on specific stimuli for enhanced processing and analysis?

    <p>Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurons process several different sensory modalities at the same time?

    <p>Polymodal neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a condition in which a stimulus in one modality also creates a sensation in another?

    <p>Synesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway contains a specialized thalamic nucleus, primary sensory cortex, and nonprimary/secondary sensory cortex?

    <p>Somatosensory pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensory receptor organs are specialized to detect a certain stimulus?

    <p>Eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the somatosensory system responsible for?

    <p>Conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, and vibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of labeled lines in the somatosensory system?

    <p>To tell the somatosensory system where a sensation is occurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a receptor potential in the somatosensory system?

    <p>A local, graded change in membrane potential that is proportional to the stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pupils do animals with land-based predators, especially grazers, have?

    <p>Horizontal slit pupils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pupils do small ambush predators that hunt on the ground have?

    <p>Vertical slit pupils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pupils do foragers, pack hunters, and pursuit predators have?

    <p>Circular pupils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of sensory receptor organs?

    <p>To perform sensory transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of labeled lines in sensory transduction?

    <p>To tell the sensory system where a sensation is occurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the somatosensory system?

    <p>To provide conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, and vibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hallucinogens

    • Psilocybin, mescaline, and LSD are naturally-produced hallucinogens
    • Psilocybin and mescaline are examples of naturally-produced hallucinogens

    Models of Addiction

    • Moral model: suggests that the user lacks moral character or self-control
    • Disease model: suggests that the user requires medical treatment
    • Physical dependence model: suggests that drug use is to avoid withdrawal symptoms
    • Positive reward model: suggests that drug use is driven by positive reward sensations

    Addiction

    • Factors that contribute to the risk of addiction:
    • Cue-induced drug use: environmental stimuli can become associated with the effects of drugs, leading to drug use
    • Treatment: needs to address medical, social, psychological, vocational, and legal aspects of the user
    • Prevention: can be achieved through behavioral therapies and education

    Drugs

    • Antipsychotics: primarily relieve positive symptoms of schizophrenia
    • Second-generation antipsychotics: relieve negative symptoms of schizophrenia
    • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): block the reuptake of 5-HT and NE
    • Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors: block monoamine reuptake and provide an alternative target for MAO
    • Nicotinic ACh receptor agonists: are agonists at nicotinic ACh receptors
    • Cannabinoids: bind to cannabinoid receptors in the body
    • Opioids: act on the CNS and alter normal function, with three main types of opioid receptors: mu, kappa, and delta
    • Amphetamines: have a biphasic effect, with an initial stimulant phase followed by a depressant phase
    • Hallucinogens: strongly activate 5-HT receptors and may help treat some psychiatric disorders

    Mental Illness

    • Schizophrenia: characterized by difficulty differentiating between real and not real
    • Positive symptoms: hallucinations and delusions
    • Negative symptoms: apathy, social withdrawal, and loss of motivation

    Therapeutic Drugs

    • Four major classes: antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, and sedatives
    • Antidepressants: earliest are monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

    Specific Drugs

    • MDMA: activates the serotonin and dopamine systems
    • THC: has effects on recreational users, with claims of CBD's effects being anxiolytic and antipsychotic
    • LSD: has hallucinogenic effects
    • Amphetamine: has a mechanism of action on monoamines, releasing dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
    • Cannabis: produces two psychoactive drugs, THC and CBD, with legal status as of 09/23

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on drugs and addiction with this quiz! Explore topics such as therapeutic drugs, drugs of abuse, addiction models, factors driving addiction, and more. Challenge yourself and discover how much you know about psychoactive drugs and their effects on the central nervous system.

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