Drugs and Addiction Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a naturally-produced hallucinogen?

  • Psilocybin
  • MDMA
  • Amphetamine
  • Mescaline (correct)

Which model of addiction suggests that the user lacks moral character or self-control?

  • Disease model
  • Positive reward model
  • Physical dependence model
  • Moral model (correct)

Which model of addiction suggests that the user requires medical treatment?

  • Positive reward model
  • Moral model
  • Disease model (correct)
  • Physical dependence model

Which model of addiction suggests that drug use is driven by positive reward sensations?

<p>Positive reward model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor(s) contribute to the risk of addiction?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives cue-induced drug use?

<p>Environmental stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective treatment for addiction?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What needs to be addressed in addiction treatment?

<p>Medical, social, psychological, vocational, and legal problems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is Exam 1 scheduled?

<p>In 2 weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be covered in the upcoming lecture on Thursday?

<p>Sensory Systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs acts on the CNS and alters normal function?

<p>Antipsychotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mental illness is characterized by difficulty differentiating between real and not real?

<p>Schizophrenia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of symptoms are hallucinations and delusions considered to be?

<p>Positive symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which generation of antipsychotic drugs primarily relieve positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

<p>First-generation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs block the reuptake of 5-HT and NE?

<p>Antidepressants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs interacted with tyramine-rich diets and greatly increased stroke risk?

<p>Antidepressants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs block Na+/Ca2+ channels at high doses, leading to potential danger?

<p>Antidepressants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs primarily relieve negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

<p>Second-generation antipsychotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs act as selective antagonists for DA D2 receptors?

<p>First-generation antipsychotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs block D2 receptors along with others, like 5-HT?

<p>Second-generation antipsychotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs are commonly used to treat anxiety disorders?

<p>Anxiolytic drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs directly block pain signals from the body?

<p>Analgesic drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs bind to cannabinoid receptors in the body?

<p>Cannabinoids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs are commonly used to treat multiple sclerosis, pain, and nausea/vomiting?

<p>Cannabinoids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs are agonists at nicotinic ACh receptors?

<p>Nicotine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs block monoamine reuptake and provide an alternative target for MAO?

<p>Stimulants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs have a biphasic effect, with an initial stimulant phase followed by a depressant phase?

<p>Alcohol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs strongly activate 5-HT receptors and may help treat some psychiatric disorders?

<p>Hallucinogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs are very effective but addictive and dangerous?

<p>Barbiturates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs are safer alternatives to barbiturates?

<p>Benzodiazepines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three naturally-produced hallucinogens mentioned in the text?

<p>Mescaline, psilocybin, and MDMA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two systems that MDMA activates?

<p>5-HT and DA systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the moral model of addiction, what does the user lack?

<p>Moral character or self-control</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the disease model of addiction, what is required for the user?

<p>Medical treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the physical dependence model of addiction, why does the user continue drug use?

<p>To avoid withdrawal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the withdrawal symptoms of opioid drugs?

<p>Sedation, pain relief, enhanced pleasure/happiness, constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the positive reward model of addiction, what compels drug use?

<p>Positive reward sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors that contribute to the risk of addiction?

<p>Biology, environment, stress, parental influence, early drug use</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cue-induced drug use?

<p>Increased likelihood of drug use due to presence of factors associated with previous drug use</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some possible treatments for addiction?

<p>Behavioral therapies, medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main types of opioid receptors?

<p>mu ($\mu$), delta ($\delta$), kappa ($\kappa$)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two psychoactive drugs produced by the cannabis plant?

<p>Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of THC when used recreationally?

<p>Relaxation, mood alteration, stimulation, and paranoia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the legal status of cannabis as of 09/23?

<p>Recreational: Illegal, Medical: Decriminalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the claims of CBD's effects?

<p>Anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and antiepileptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the short-term effects of amphetamine?

<p>Increased vigor/stamina, wakefulness, decreased appetite, and euphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for amphetamine on monoamines?

<p>Reverses monoamine transporters, amplifies monoamine release, blocks monoamine reuptake, and provides an alternative target for MAO</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of alcohol during the stimulant phase?

<p>Activation and social disinhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of LSD?

<p>Mood changes, creativity, and sensory disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the permanent fetal damage resulting from alcohol abuse during pregnancy called?

<p>Fetal alcohol syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four major classes of therapeutic drugs?

<p>Antipsychotics, Antidepressants, Anxiolytics, Analgesics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is schizophrenia?

<p>Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by psychosis, which is a difficulty differentiating between real and not real.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

<p>The positive symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations and delusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

<p>The negative symptoms of schizophrenia include social withdrawal and blunted emotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between first-generation and second-generation antipsychotic drugs?

<p>First-generation antipsychotic drugs are typically selective antagonists for DA D2 receptors, while second-generation antipsychotic drugs block D2 receptors along with others, like 5-HT.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the earliest antidepressant drugs?

<p>The earliest antidepressant drugs are monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the problem with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors?

<p>MAO inhibitors interacted with tyramine-rich diets, greatly increasing the risk of stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do tricyclic antidepressant drugs block?

<p>Tricyclic antidepressant drugs block the reuptake of 5-HT and NE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the problem with tricyclic antidepressant drugs at high doses?

<p>At high doses, tricyclic antidepressant drugs block Na+/Ca2+ channels, which can be dangerous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four major classes of therapeutic drugs?

<p>Antipsychotics, Antidepressants, Anxiolytics, Analgesics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different addiction models mentioned in the text?

<p>Moral model, Disease model, Physical dependence model, Positive reward model</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of mescaline and psilocybin?

<p>Hallucinogenic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of MDMA?

<p>Both stimulant and hallucinogenic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

What systems does MDMA activate?

<p>5-HT and DA systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the claims of the moral model of addiction?

<p>The user lacks moral character or self-control</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the claims of the disease model of addiction?

<p>The user requires medical treatment and disease is lifelong and progressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the claims of the physical dependence model of addiction?

<p>Drug use is to avoid withdrawal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the claims of the positive reward model of addiction?

<p>Drug use is compelled by positive reward sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to the risk of addiction?

<p>Biology (genes), environment, social influences, early drug use, stress, parental influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cue-induced drug use?

<p>Increased likelihood of drug use due to the presence of factors associated with previous drug use</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between first-generation and second-generation antipsychotic drugs?

<p>First-generation antipsychotic drugs are typically selective antagonists for dopamine D2 receptors and primarily relieve positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Second-generation antipsychotic drugs block D2 receptors along with others (like 5-HT) and have some limited ability to relieve negative symptoms as well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the problems associated with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors as antidepressant drugs?

<p>MAOIs interact with tyramine-rich diets, greatly increasing the risk of stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the dangers of tricyclic antidepressant drugs at high doses?

<p>Tricyclic antidepressants block Na+/Ca2+ channels at high doses, which can be dangerous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs strongly activates 5-HT receptors and may help treat some psychiatric disorders?

<p>Serotonin (5-HT) agonists strongly activate 5-HT receptors and may help treat some psychiatric disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

<p>The positive symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations and delusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

<p>The negative symptoms of schizophrenia include social withdrawal and blunted emotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives cue-induced drug use?

<p>Cue-induced drug use is driven by the association between drug-related cues and drug use itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model of addiction suggests that the user requires medical treatment?

<p>The disease model of addiction suggests that the user requires medical treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some possible treatments for addiction?

<p>Possible treatments for addiction include therapy, medication, and support groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to the risk of addiction?

<p>Factors such as genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and individual characteristics contribute to the risk of addiction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main types of opioid receptors and what do they stand for?

<p>The three main types of opioid receptors are mu ($\mu$), delta ($\delta$), and kappa ($\kappa$).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two psychoactive drugs produced by the cannabis plant?

<p>The two psychoactive drugs produced by the cannabis plant are Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of THC when used recreationally?

<p>The effects of THC when used recreationally include relaxation, mood alteration, stimulation, and paranoia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the claims of CBD's effects?

<p>Some claims of CBD's effects include anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and antiepileptic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of LSD?

<p>The effects of LSD include mood changes, creativity, and sensory disturbances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three naturally-produced hallucinogens mentioned in the text?

<p>The three naturally-produced hallucinogens mentioned in the text are LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is schizophrenia?

<p>Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by difficulty differentiating between real and not real, disorganized thinking and speech, and hallucinations or delusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do tricyclic antidepressant drugs block?

<p>Tricyclic antidepressant drugs block the reuptake of specific monoamines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for amphetamine on monoamines?

<p>The mechanism of action for amphetamine on monoamines includes reversing monoamine transporters, amplifying monoamine release, blocking monoamine reuptake, and providing an alternative target for MAO.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

<p>The positive symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, and abnormal motor behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the positive reward model of addiction, drug use is compelled by positive reward ______.

<p>sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mescaline and psilocybin are examples of naturally-produced ______.

<p>hallucinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

MDMA is a hallucinogenic version of ______.

<p>amphetamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ model of addiction suggests that the user lacks moral character or self-control.

<p>moral</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ model of addiction suggests that the user requires medical treatment.

<p>disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ model of addiction suggests that drug use is to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

<p>physical dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ model of addiction suggests that drug use is driven by positive reward sensations.

<p>positive reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

Environmental stimuli can become associated with the effects of drugs, leading to ______ drug use.

<p>cue-induced</p> Signup and view all the answers

No single treatment is most effective for addiction, and treatment needs to address medical, social, psychological, vocational, and legal ______ of the user.

<p>problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

Preventing addiction from occurring in the first place can be achieved through behavioral therapies and ______.

<p>medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (______) are specific to 5-HT and include Prozac, Zoloft, and Celexa.

<p>SSRIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (______) target both 5-HT and NE and include Effexor.

<p>SNRIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ function as CNS depressants and are typically GABAA agonists.

<p>Anxiolytic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ are the earliest drugs used as sedative-hypnotics, but they are addictive and dangerous.

<p>Barbiturates</p> Signup and view all the answers

______, such as Xanax, Valium, and Librium, are safer alternatives to barbiturates.

<p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ directly block pain signals from the body and work on the same receptors as endogenous opioids.

<p>Opioid drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cannabis produces several psychoactive drugs, including THC and CBD, which bind to cannabinoid receptors.

<p>Cannabinoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is the active ingredient in cannabis and is often used recreationally for its effects.

<p>THC</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is a less-psychoactive cannabinoid with claims of anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and antiepileptic effects.

<p>CBD</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ increase neuronal activity by acting on monoamine systems, such as nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamine.

<p>Stimulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antipsychotic drugs are primarily used to relieve ______ symptoms of schizophrenia

<p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tricyclic antidepressants block the reuptake of ______ and NE

<p>5-HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

The earliest antidepressant drugs were monoamine oxidase (MAO) ______

<p>inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

MAOIs interacted with tyramine-rich diets, greatly increasing the risk of ______

<p>stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

The four major classes of therapeutic drugs are antipsychotics, ______, anxiolytics, and analgesics

<p>antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by ______

<p>psychosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The newest antipsychotics block D2 receptors along with others, like ______

<p>5-HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tricyclic antidepressants block Na+/Ca2+ ______ at high doses

<p>channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include ______ and delusions

<p>hallucination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include social withdrawal and ______ emotion

<p>blunted</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drug types with their descriptions:

<p>Antipsychotics = Drugs used to treat mental illness characterized by psychosis Antidepressants = Drugs used to prevent degradation of monoamines Anxiolytics = Drugs that directly block pain signals from the body Analgesics = Drugs that act on the CNS and alter normal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms with the associated condition:

<p>Hallucination, delusions = Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia Social withdrawal, blunted emotion = Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia Stroke risk = Problem with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors Dangerous blockage of Na+/Ca2+ channel = Problem with high doses of tricyclic antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drug types with their associated problems:

<p>Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors = Interacted with tyramine-rich diets, increasing stroke risk Tricyclic antidepressants = Block Na+/Ca2+ channel at high doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the generation of antipsychotic drugs with their characteristics:

<p>First-generation = Selective antagonists for DA D2 receptors Second-generation = Block D2 receptors along with others like 5-HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following therapeutic drugs with their effects:

<p>Antipsychotics = Relieve positive symptoms of Schizophrenia Newest antipsychotics = Limited ability to relieve negative symptoms of Schizophrenia Antidepressants = Block reuptake of 5-HT and NE Tricyclic antidepressants = Block Na+/Ca2+ channel at high doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the drug with its action:

<p>First-generation antipsychotics = Selective antagonists for DA D2 receptors Second-generation antipsychotics = Block D2 receptors along with others like 5-HT Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors = Prevent degradation of monoamines Tricyclic antidepressants = Block reuptake of 5-HT and NE</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the therapeutic drug class with its associated mental disorder:

<p>Antipsychotics = Schizophrenia Antidepressants = Depression Anxiolytics = Anxiety Analgesics = Pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the drug with its associated risk:

<p>Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors = Increased stroke risk with tyramine-rich diets Tricyclic antidepressants = Blockage of Na+/Ca2+ channel at high doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the description with the type of Schizophrenia symptoms:

<p>Hallucination, delusions = Positive symptoms Social withdrawal, blunted emotion = Negative symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the drug type with its mechanism of action:

<p>Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors = Prevent degradation of monoamines Tricyclic antidepressants = Block reuptake of 5-HT and NE First-generation antipsychotics = Selective antagonists for DA D2 receptors Second-generation antipsychotics = Block D2 receptors along with others like 5-HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hallucinogens with their sources:

<p>Mescaline = Hallucinogenic cactus Psilocybin = Magic mushrooms MDMA = Amphetamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following addiction models with their brief descriptions:

<p>Moral model = User lacks moral character or self-control Disease model = User requires medical treatment Physical dependence model = Drug use to avoid withdrawal symptoms Positive reward model = Drug use compelled by positive reward sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the opioid drug effects with their corresponding withdrawal symptoms:

<p>Sedation = Agitation, insomnia Pain relief = Increased pain sensitivity Enhanced pleasure/happiness = Severe dysphoria (unpleasant feelings), depression Constipation = Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors with their roles in addiction:

<p>Biology = Genes make up about half of risk Environment = Social influences, physical/sexual abuse, early drug use, stress, parental influence Personality = Aggressiveness, emotional control abilities Development = Interaction of genes x environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match these terms with their definitions related to addiction:

<p>Cue-induced drug use = Increased likelihood of drug use because factors are present that were also present when the drug was last used VTA neurons = Neurons activated by addictive drugs, causing DA release into the nucleus accumbens Rat Park experiment = An experiment suggesting that social factors can influence addiction Treatment = Addressing medical, social, psychological, vocational, legal problems of user</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following treatment methods for addiction with their descriptions:

<p>Behavioral therapies = Prevent addiction from occurring in the first place Medication = No single treatment is most effective 12 step programs (AA, NA) = Must submit to a higher power Treatment program (rehab, support groups) = Treatment needs to be readily/easily available</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions related to drug effects:

<p>5-HT = Activated by both stimulant and hallucinogenic effects of MDMA DA systems = Activated by both stimulant and hallucinogenic effects of MDMA Physical dependence = Drug use to avoid unpleasant sensations when drug use stops NAcc = Motivational thrust due to DA release into this area</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following models of addiction with their descriptions:

<p>Moral model = Promotes self-blame, self-hatred, and powerlessness Disease model = No blame, but responsibility. Disease is lifelong, progressive Physical dependence model = Withdrawal symptoms opposite of drug's normal effects Positive reward model = Addictive drugs directly or indirectly activate VTA neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions related to addiction treatment:

<p>Behavioral therapies = Prevent addiction from occurring in the first place Higher power = God or treatment program according to the Disease model Withdrawal symptoms = Unpleasant sensations when drug use stops Self-administration experiments = Show addiction can occur without physical dependence or withdrawal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions related to addiction research:

<p>Cue-induced drug use = Increased likelihood of drug use when factors present during past drug use are also present Rat Park experiment = Experiment suggesting that social factors can influence addiction VTA neurons = Neurons that are activated by addictive drugs, causing DA release NAcc = Area where DA release creates a motivational thrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drugs to their primary effects:

<p>SSRIs = Specific to 5-HT (Prozac, Zoloft, Celexa) SNRIs = Targets both 5-HT and NE (Effexor) Benzodiazepines = Safer alternatives to Barbiturates (Xanax, Valium, Librium) Opioid drugs = Directly block pain signals from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drugs to their respective receptor types:

<p>Nicotine = Agonist at nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) Cannabinoids = Bind to cannabinoid receptors Opioid drugs = Work on mu (μ), delta (δ), kappa (κ) receptors Alcohol = Acts via GABAA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following substances to their effects:

<p>Cocaine = Blocks monoamine reuptake causing euphoria, increased heart rate/blood pressure Amphetamine = Increased vigor/stamina, wakefulness, decreased appetite, euphoria LSD = Strongly activates 5-HT receptors causing mood changes, creativity, sensory disturbances Alcohol = Biphasic effects – initial stimulant phase followed by a depressant phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drugs with their specific properties:

<p>SSRIs and SNRIs = Also have anxiolytic properties (curb day-to-day anxiety) Benzodiazepines = Safer alternatives to Barbiturates Opioid drugs = Work on same receptors as endogenous opioids (enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins) Cannabinoids = Bind to cannabinoid receptors of endogenous cannabinoids (anandamide)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following substances to their effects:

<p>THC = Effects include relaxation, mood alteration, stimulation, and paranoia CBD = Less-psychoactive cannabinoid with claims of anxiolytic, antipsychotic, antiepileptic effects Stimulants = Increase neuronal activity by increasing excitatory input or decreasing inhibitory activity Alcohol = Effects are biphasic – initial stimulant phase followed by a depressant phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drugs to their primary usage:

<p>Antidepressant drugs = Block reuptake of specific monoamines Anxiolytic drugs = Treat anxiety disorders Analgesic drugs = Act as painkillers Stimulants = Increase neuronal activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drugs to their associated risks:

<p>Barbiturates = Very effective, but addictive and dangerous Cocaine = Extremely addictive, can cause aggression, psychosis, irritability, hyperawareness Amphetamine = Quick development of tolerance and addiction, prolonged use can lead to neurotoxicity Alcohol = Can cause Fetal alcohol syndrome – permanent fetal damage resulting from alcohol abuse during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drugs to their effects:

<p>Nicotine = Agonist at nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs), cognitive enhancement Cocaine = Blocks monoamine reuptake causing euphoria, increased heart rate/blood pressure Amphetamine = Increased vigor/stamina, wakefulness, decreased appetite, euphoria Alcohol = Effects are biphasic – initial stimulant phase followed by a depressant phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drugs to their effects on monoamines:

<p>Cocaine = Blocks monoamine reuptake Amphetamine = Reverses monoamine transporters in membrane, vesicles, amplified monoamine release after APs, blocks monoamine reuptake, provides alternative target for MAO MDMA = Induces neurotoxicity in nigrostriatal DA pathway Alcohol = Indirect effects result in increased DA release</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drugs to their effects:

<p>THC = Effects include relaxation, mood alteration, stimulation, and paranoia CBD = Less-psychoactive cannabinoid with claims of anxiolytic, antipsychotic, antiepileptic effects LSD = Strongly activates 5-HT receptors causing mood changes, creativity, sensory disturbances Alcohol = Effects are biphasic – initial stimulant phase followed by a depressant phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of pain is characterized as sharp, quick pain that triggers protective reflexes?

<p>Fast pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nociceptor contains TRPV1 channels that open at high temperatures and also binds capsaicin?

<p>Thin, unmyelinated C fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the natural pain control system is activated by strong pain signals and releases endogenous opioids into the spinal cord?

<p>Periaqueductal gray (PAG) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs bind to opioid receptors in the spinal cord and gate pain signals directly?

<p>Opiate drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of pain control typically uses electrical stimulation to block or alter pain signals to the brain?

<p>TENS/mechanical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs primarily relieve positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

<p>Second-generation antipsychotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for amphetamine on monoamines?

<p>Increasing release of monoamines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs directly block pain signals from the body and work on the same receptors as endogenous opioids?

<p>Opiate drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors that contribute to the risk of addiction?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the claims of CBD's effects?

<p>Anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and antiepileptic effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor cell responds to vibration and pressure in the skin?

<p>Pacinian corpuscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the progressive decrease in a receptor's response to sustained stimulation?

<p>Adaptation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain regions are important in attention and are activated when expecting a stimulus?

<p>Posterior parietal lobe and cingulate cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the area in which the presence of a stimulus will alter a receptor cell's firing rate?

<p>Receptive field (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is used by sensory systems to detect varied stimuli by using different receptor cells to respond to different types of stimuli?

<p>Multiple versions of the same receptor cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the brain is responsible for more advanced processing of somatosensory information?

<p>Secondary somatosensory cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which we select or focus on specific stimuli for enhanced processing and analysis?

<p>Attention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurons process several different sensory modalities at the same time?

<p>Polymodal neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a condition in which a stimulus in one modality also creates a sensation in another?

<p>Synesthesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway contains a specialized thalamic nucleus, primary sensory cortex, and nonprimary/secondary sensory cortex?

<p>Somatosensory pathway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sensory receptor organs are specialized to detect a certain stimulus?

<p>Eyes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the somatosensory system responsible for?

<p>Conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, and vibration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of labeled lines in the somatosensory system?

<p>To tell the somatosensory system where a sensation is occurring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a receptor potential in the somatosensory system?

<p>A local, graded change in membrane potential that is proportional to the stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of pupils do animals with land-based predators, especially grazers, have?

<p>Horizontal slit pupils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of pupils do small ambush predators that hunt on the ground have?

<p>Vertical slit pupils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of pupils do foragers, pack hunters, and pursuit predators have?

<p>Circular pupils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of sensory receptor organs?

<p>To perform sensory transduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of labeled lines in sensory transduction?

<p>To tell the sensory system where a sensation is occurring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the somatosensory system?

<p>To provide conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, and vibration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Hallucinogens

  • Psilocybin, mescaline, and LSD are naturally-produced hallucinogens
  • Psilocybin and mescaline are examples of naturally-produced hallucinogens

Models of Addiction

  • Moral model: suggests that the user lacks moral character or self-control
  • Disease model: suggests that the user requires medical treatment
  • Physical dependence model: suggests that drug use is to avoid withdrawal symptoms
  • Positive reward model: suggests that drug use is driven by positive reward sensations

Addiction

  • Factors that contribute to the risk of addiction:
  • Cue-induced drug use: environmental stimuli can become associated with the effects of drugs, leading to drug use
  • Treatment: needs to address medical, social, psychological, vocational, and legal aspects of the user
  • Prevention: can be achieved through behavioral therapies and education

Drugs

  • Antipsychotics: primarily relieve positive symptoms of schizophrenia
  • Second-generation antipsychotics: relieve negative symptoms of schizophrenia
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): block the reuptake of 5-HT and NE
  • Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors: block monoamine reuptake and provide an alternative target for MAO
  • Nicotinic ACh receptor agonists: are agonists at nicotinic ACh receptors
  • Cannabinoids: bind to cannabinoid receptors in the body
  • Opioids: act on the CNS and alter normal function, with three main types of opioid receptors: mu, kappa, and delta
  • Amphetamines: have a biphasic effect, with an initial stimulant phase followed by a depressant phase
  • Hallucinogens: strongly activate 5-HT receptors and may help treat some psychiatric disorders

Mental Illness

  • Schizophrenia: characterized by difficulty differentiating between real and not real
  • Positive symptoms: hallucinations and delusions
  • Negative symptoms: apathy, social withdrawal, and loss of motivation

Therapeutic Drugs

  • Four major classes: antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, and sedatives
  • Antidepressants: earliest are monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Specific Drugs

  • MDMA: activates the serotonin and dopamine systems
  • THC: has effects on recreational users, with claims of CBD's effects being anxiolytic and antipsychotic
  • LSD: has hallucinogenic effects
  • Amphetamine: has a mechanism of action on monoamines, releasing dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
  • Cannabis: produces two psychoactive drugs, THC and CBD, with legal status as of 09/23

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