Drugs and Addiction Quiz

<p>Positive reward model</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medical, social, psychological, vocational, and legal problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In 2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory Systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First-generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Second-generation antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First-generation antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Second-generation antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anxiolytic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analgesic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cannabinoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cannabinoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hallucinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Barbiturates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mescaline, psilocybin, and MDMA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5-HT and DA systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moral character or self-control</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medical treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To avoid withdrawal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sedation, pain relief, enhanced pleasure/happiness, constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive reward sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biology, environment, stress, parental influence, early drug use</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased likelihood of drug use due to presence of factors associated with previous drug use</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavioral therapies, medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mu ($\mu$), delta ($\delta$), kappa ($\kappa$)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relaxation, mood alteration, stimulation, and paranoia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recreational: Illegal, Medical: Decriminalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and antiepileptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased vigor/stamina, wakefulness, decreased appetite, and euphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reverses monoamine transporters, amplifies monoamine release, blocks monoamine reuptake, and provides an alternative target for MAO</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation and social disinhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mood changes, creativity, and sensory disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetal alcohol syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antipsychotics, Antidepressants, Anxiolytics, Analgesics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by psychosis, which is a difficulty differentiating between real and not real.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The positive symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations and delusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The negative symptoms of schizophrenia include social withdrawal and blunted emotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First-generation antipsychotic drugs are typically selective antagonists for DA D2 receptors, while second-generation antipsychotic drugs block D2 receptors along with others, like 5-HT.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The earliest antidepressant drugs are monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MAO inhibitors interacted with tyramine-rich diets, greatly increasing the risk of stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tricyclic antidepressant drugs block the reuptake of 5-HT and NE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At high doses, tricyclic antidepressant drugs block Na+/Ca2+ channels, which can be dangerous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antipsychotics, Antidepressants, Anxiolytics, Analgesics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moral model, Disease model, Physical dependence model, Positive reward model</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hallucinogenic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both stimulant and hallucinogenic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5-HT and DA systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The user lacks moral character or self-control</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The user requires medical treatment and disease is lifelong and progressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug use is to avoid withdrawal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug use is compelled by positive reward sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biology (genes), environment, social influences, early drug use, stress, parental influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased likelihood of drug use due to the presence of factors associated with previous drug use</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First-generation antipsychotic drugs are typically selective antagonists for dopamine D2 receptors and primarily relieve positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Second-generation antipsychotic drugs block D2 receptors along with others (like 5-HT) and have some limited ability to relieve negative symptoms as well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MAOIs interact with tyramine-rich diets, greatly increasing the risk of stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tricyclic antidepressants block Na+/Ca2+ channels at high doses, which can be dangerous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin (5-HT) agonists strongly activate 5-HT receptors and may help treat some psychiatric disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The positive symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations and delusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The negative symptoms of schizophrenia include social withdrawal and blunted emotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cue-induced drug use is driven by the association between drug-related cues and drug use itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The disease model of addiction suggests that the user requires medical treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Possible treatments for addiction include therapy, medication, and support groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors such as genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and individual characteristics contribute to the risk of addiction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three main types of opioid receptors are mu ($\mu$), delta ($\delta$), and kappa ($\kappa$).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two psychoactive drugs produced by the cannabis plant are Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effects of THC when used recreationally include relaxation, mood alteration, stimulation, and paranoia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some claims of CBD's effects include anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and antiepileptic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effects of LSD include mood changes, creativity, and sensory disturbances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three naturally-produced hallucinogens mentioned in the text are LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by difficulty differentiating between real and not real, disorganized thinking and speech, and hallucinations or delusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tricyclic antidepressant drugs block the reuptake of specific monoamines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mechanism of action for amphetamine on monoamines includes reversing monoamine transporters, amplifying monoamine release, blocking monoamine reuptake, and providing an alternative target for MAO.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The positive symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, and abnormal motor behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hallucinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>amphetamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>moral</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>physical dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>positive reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cue-induced</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SSRIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SNRIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anxiolytic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Barbiturates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opioid drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cannabinoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>THC</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CBD</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5-HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>psychosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5-HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hallucination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>blunted</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antipsychotics = Drugs used to treat mental illness characterized by psychosis Antidepressants = Drugs used to prevent degradation of monoamines Anxiolytics = Drugs that directly block pain signals from the body Analgesics = Drugs that act on the CNS and alter normal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hallucination, delusions = Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia Social withdrawal, blunted emotion = Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia Stroke risk = Problem with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors Dangerous blockage of Na+/Ca2+ channel = Problem with high doses of tricyclic antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors = Interacted with tyramine-rich diets, increasing stroke risk Tricyclic antidepressants = Block Na+/Ca2+ channel at high doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First-generation = Selective antagonists for DA D2 receptors Second-generation = Block D2 receptors along with others like 5-HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antipsychotics = Relieve positive symptoms of Schizophrenia Newest antipsychotics = Limited ability to relieve negative symptoms of Schizophrenia Antidepressants = Block reuptake of 5-HT and NE Tricyclic antidepressants = Block Na+/Ca2+ channel at high doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First-generation antipsychotics = Selective antagonists for DA D2 receptors Second-generation antipsychotics = Block D2 receptors along with others like 5-HT Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors = Prevent degradation of monoamines Tricyclic antidepressants = Block reuptake of 5-HT and NE</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antipsychotics = Schizophrenia Antidepressants = Depression Anxiolytics = Anxiety Analgesics = Pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors = Increased stroke risk with tyramine-rich diets Tricyclic antidepressants = Blockage of Na+/Ca2+ channel at high doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hallucination, delusions = Positive symptoms Social withdrawal, blunted emotion = Negative symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors = Prevent degradation of monoamines Tricyclic antidepressants = Block reuptake of 5-HT and NE First-generation antipsychotics = Selective antagonists for DA D2 receptors Second-generation antipsychotics = Block D2 receptors along with others like 5-HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mescaline = Hallucinogenic cactus Psilocybin = Magic mushrooms MDMA = Amphetamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moral model = User lacks moral character or self-control Disease model = User requires medical treatment Physical dependence model = Drug use to avoid withdrawal symptoms Positive reward model = Drug use compelled by positive reward sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sedation = Agitation, insomnia Pain relief = Increased pain sensitivity Enhanced pleasure/happiness = Severe dysphoria (unpleasant feelings), depression Constipation = Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biology = Genes make up about half of risk Environment = Social influences, physical/sexual abuse, early drug use, stress, parental influence Personality = Aggressiveness, emotional control abilities Development = Interaction of genes x environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cue-induced drug use = Increased likelihood of drug use because factors are present that were also present when the drug was last used VTA neurons = Neurons activated by addictive drugs, causing DA release into the nucleus accumbens Rat Park experiment = An experiment suggesting that social factors can influence addiction Treatment = Addressing medical, social, psychological, vocational, legal problems of user</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavioral therapies = Prevent addiction from occurring in the first place Medication = No single treatment is most effective 12 step programs (AA, NA) = Must submit to a higher power Treatment program (rehab, support groups) = Treatment needs to be readily/easily available</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5-HT = Activated by both stimulant and hallucinogenic effects of MDMA DA systems = Activated by both stimulant and hallucinogenic effects of MDMA Physical dependence = Drug use to avoid unpleasant sensations when drug use stops NAcc = Motivational thrust due to DA release into this area</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moral model = Promotes self-blame, self-hatred, and powerlessness Disease model = No blame, but responsibility. Disease is lifelong, progressive Physical dependence model = Withdrawal symptoms opposite of drug's normal effects Positive reward model = Addictive drugs directly or indirectly activate VTA neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavioral therapies = Prevent addiction from occurring in the first place Higher power = God or treatment program according to the Disease model Withdrawal symptoms = Unpleasant sensations when drug use stops Self-administration experiments = Show addiction can occur without physical dependence or withdrawal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cue-induced drug use = Increased likelihood of drug use when factors present during past drug use are also present Rat Park experiment = Experiment suggesting that social factors can influence addiction VTA neurons = Neurons that are activated by addictive drugs, causing DA release NAcc = Area where DA release creates a motivational thrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SSRIs = Specific to 5-HT (Prozac, Zoloft, Celexa) SNRIs = Targets both 5-HT and NE (Effexor) Benzodiazepines = Safer alternatives to Barbiturates (Xanax, Valium, Librium) Opioid drugs = Directly block pain signals from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotine = Agonist at nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) Cannabinoids = Bind to cannabinoid receptors Opioid drugs = Work on mu (μ), delta (δ), kappa (κ) receptors Alcohol = Acts via GABAA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cocaine = Blocks monoamine reuptake causing euphoria, increased heart rate/blood pressure Amphetamine = Increased vigor/stamina, wakefulness, decreased appetite, euphoria LSD = Strongly activates 5-HT receptors causing mood changes, creativity, sensory disturbances Alcohol = Biphasic effects – initial stimulant phase followed by a depressant phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SSRIs and SNRIs = Also have anxiolytic properties (curb day-to-day anxiety) Benzodiazepines = Safer alternatives to Barbiturates Opioid drugs = Work on same receptors as endogenous opioids (enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins) Cannabinoids = Bind to cannabinoid receptors of endogenous cannabinoids (anandamide)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>THC = Effects include relaxation, mood alteration, stimulation, and paranoia CBD = Less-psychoactive cannabinoid with claims of anxiolytic, antipsychotic, antiepileptic effects Stimulants = Increase neuronal activity by increasing excitatory input or decreasing inhibitory activity Alcohol = Effects are biphasic – initial stimulant phase followed by a depressant phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidepressant drugs = Block reuptake of specific monoamines Anxiolytic drugs = Treat anxiety disorders Analgesic drugs = Act as painkillers Stimulants = Increase neuronal activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Barbiturates = Very effective, but addictive and dangerous Cocaine = Extremely addictive, can cause aggression, psychosis, irritability, hyperawareness Amphetamine = Quick development of tolerance and addiction, prolonged use can lead to neurotoxicity Alcohol = Can cause Fetal alcohol syndrome – permanent fetal damage resulting from alcohol abuse during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotine = Agonist at nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs), cognitive enhancement Cocaine = Blocks monoamine reuptake causing euphoria, increased heart rate/blood pressure Amphetamine = Increased vigor/stamina, wakefulness, decreased appetite, euphoria Alcohol = Effects are biphasic – initial stimulant phase followed by a depressant phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cocaine = Blocks monoamine reuptake Amphetamine = Reverses monoamine transporters in membrane, vesicles, amplified monoamine release after APs, blocks monoamine reuptake, provides alternative target for MAO MDMA = Induces neurotoxicity in nigrostriatal DA pathway Alcohol = Indirect effects result in increased DA release</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>THC = Effects include relaxation, mood alteration, stimulation, and paranoia CBD = Less-psychoactive cannabinoid with claims of anxiolytic, antipsychotic, antiepileptic effects LSD = Strongly activates 5-HT receptors causing mood changes, creativity, sensory disturbances Alcohol = Effects are biphasic – initial stimulant phase followed by a depressant phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fast pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thin, unmyelinated C fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Periaqueductal gray (PAG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opiate drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TENS/mechanical</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Second-generation antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing release of monoamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opiate drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and antiepileptic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pacinian corpuscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Posterior parietal lobe and cingulate cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receptive field</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple versions of the same receptor cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary somatosensory cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymodal neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatosensory pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, and vibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To tell the somatosensory system where a sensation is occurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A local, graded change in membrane potential that is proportional to the stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Horizontal slit pupils</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vertical slit pupils</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Circular pupils</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To perform sensory transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To tell the sensory system where a sensation is occurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, and vibration</p> Signup and view all the answers