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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements is true regarding the direction of impulses in an associative neuron?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the direction of impulses in an associative neuron?
What is the function of the myelin sheath in a neuron?
What is the function of the myelin sheath in a neuron?
Which of the following parts of the neuron plays a role in the transmission of nerve impulses across the synapse?
Which of the following parts of the neuron plays a role in the transmission of nerve impulses across the synapse?
Which of the following describes the role of neurotransmitters in the synapse?
Which of the following describes the role of neurotransmitters in the synapse?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
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Which branch of the nervous system is responsible for involuntary responses such as heart rate and digestion?
Which branch of the nervous system is responsible for involuntary responses such as heart rate and digestion?
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What is the function of the meninges?
What is the function of the meninges?
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Which of the following statements about the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is TRUE?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters acts as a postganglionic neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following neurotransmitters acts as a postganglionic neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which of the following is NOT a direct effect of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a direct effect of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system?
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Beta-2 agonists, commonly used in asthma medications, work by:
Beta-2 agonists, commonly used in asthma medications, work by:
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Which of the following is the correct order of events in the sympathetic nervous system pathway?
Which of the following is the correct order of events in the sympathetic nervous system pathway?
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Which of the following receptors is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction in blood vessels?
Which of the following receptors is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction in blood vessels?
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A drug that blocks the action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction would be classified as a:
A drug that blocks the action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction would be classified as a:
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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The parasympathetic nervous system is known as the _____ system due to its primary neurotransmitter.
The parasympathetic nervous system is known as the _____ system due to its primary neurotransmitter.
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Which of the following effects is most likely caused by an alpha-2 agonist drug?
Which of the following effects is most likely caused by an alpha-2 agonist drug?
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The concept of 'affinity' in pharmacology refers to:
The concept of 'affinity' in pharmacology refers to:
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Which type of drug would be most likely to cause pupil dilation?
Which type of drug would be most likely to cause pupil dilation?
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Which of the following medications is commonly used for the treatment of status epilepticus?
Which of the following medications is commonly used for the treatment of status epilepticus?
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What is the primary mechanism of action for sympatholytics?
What is the primary mechanism of action for sympatholytics?
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Which of the following drugs is an example of a beta blocker used to treat glaucoma?
Which of the following drugs is an example of a beta blocker used to treat glaucoma?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Diazepam (Valium®)?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Diazepam (Valium®)?
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Which medication is characterized by a narrow therapeutic range and SHOULD NOT be used in cats?
Which medication is characterized by a narrow therapeutic range and SHOULD NOT be used in cats?
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Which of the following is a potential adverse side effect of using an alpha blocker?
Which of the following is a potential adverse side effect of using an alpha blocker?
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Which of the following medications is considered an adjunct treatment for refractory epilepsy?
Which of the following medications is considered an adjunct treatment for refractory epilepsy?
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What is the classification of drugs that block the breakdown of acetylcholine?
What is the classification of drugs that block the breakdown of acetylcholine?
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Which of these medications is associated with a potential side effect of increased appetite?
Which of these medications is associated with a potential side effect of increased appetite?
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Which of the following drugs is used to treat urinary retention by stimulating bladder contraction?
Which of the following drugs is used to treat urinary retention by stimulating bladder contraction?
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Which of the following is a common adverse side effect associated with anticholinergic drugs?
Which of the following is a common adverse side effect associated with anticholinergic drugs?
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Which of the following medications is often used for euthanasia in high doses?
Which of the following medications is often used for euthanasia in high doses?
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What is the primary use of drugs like pilocarpine and metoclopramide?
What is the primary use of drugs like pilocarpine and metoclopramide?
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Which drug is commonly used for sedation and anti-emetic purposes?
Which drug is commonly used for sedation and anti-emetic purposes?
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Which of the following medications is known to have a lower margin of safety compared to other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)?
Which of the following medications is known to have a lower margin of safety compared to other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)?
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Which of the following drugs can be used to reverse the effects of an alpha 2 agonist such as xylazine?
Which of the following drugs can be used to reverse the effects of an alpha 2 agonist such as xylazine?
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What is the primary purpose of monitoring liver function in patients receiving Phenobarbital?
What is the primary purpose of monitoring liver function in patients receiving Phenobarbital?
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Which of the following is NOT a true statement about anticonvulsant medications?
Which of the following is NOT a true statement about anticonvulsant medications?
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Which of the following is a potential side effect associated with Acepromazine Maleate?
Which of the following is a potential side effect associated with Acepromazine Maleate?
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Which drug is a benzodiazepine derivative?
Which drug is a benzodiazepine derivative?
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Which drug can be used to reverse the effects of Dexmedetomidine?
Which drug can be used to reverse the effects of Dexmedetomidine?
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What is the primary use of Doxapram?
What is the primary use of Doxapram?
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Which of these drugs is NOT a controlled substance?
Which of these drugs is NOT a controlled substance?
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What is a potential side effect of benzodiazepine derivatives?
What is a potential side effect of benzodiazepine derivatives?
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Study Notes
Drugs Affecting the Nervous System
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Neurons: Basic units of the nervous system, act as message carriers. Three types:
- Sensory: Carry impulses to the central nervous system (CNS).
- Associative: Carry impulses between neurons.
- Motor: Carry impulses away from the CNS.
Nervous System Function
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Direction of Message (Action Potential):
- Dendrites: Receive & transmit impulses to the cell body.
- Cell Body: Contains the nucleus, maintaining the cell's life.
- Axon: Carries impulses away from the cell body to muscle cells, organs, or other nerves.
- Myelin Sheath: Speeds impulse conduction.
- Terminal End Fibres: Transmit the message to the synapse.
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Synapse: The space between neurons or a neuron and a muscle/gland. Neurotransmitters (NTs) carry the message across the synapse.
Physiology & Function
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Purpose of the Nervous System: To receive stimuli and transmit information to initiate an appropriate response.
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Components:
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
- Cranial Nerves: Originate from the brain.
- Spinal Nerves: Originate from the spinal cord; include sensory and motor nerves (voluntary).
- Somatic Nervous System (SoNS): Controls voluntary muscle responses.
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Controls involuntary responses (smooth and cardiac muscles, glands).
- Sympathetic (SNS) and Parasympathetic (PSNS) divisions.
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CNS: Encased in meninges (3 layers), contains the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) for cushioning and nourishment.
Peripheral Nervous System Info
- Cranial Nerves: How many? Sensory and motor functions.
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Spinal Nerves: Paired;
- Dorsal: Sensory impulses from periphery.
- Ventral: Motor impulses from the spinal cord to muscle, gland, or neuron.
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Sympathetic Nervous System: Sympathetic trunk between T1-T3.
- Pathway: Neurotransmitter (NT) > ganglion (short) > next NT > effector organ/gland (long).
- Key Neurotransmitters: Preganglionic - acetylcholine, Postganglionic - norepinephrine, epinephrine.
- Sympathetic Nervous System Continued: Fight/flight/freeze/fret response, including effects on eyes and lungs.
- Cranial/Sacral origins: pathway: NT > Ganglion (long) > Next NT > effector organ/gland (short). Key Neurotransmitter = Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter Action and Drug Effects
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NTs and Receptor Effects: Neurotransmitters act on specific receptors, causing various effects in target tissues. Examples include effects on blood vessels, the heart, and the respiratory system.
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Drug Effects at Receptors: Drugs can act as agonists (mimicking natural neurotransmitters) or antagonists (blocking natural neurotransmitters) by binding to receptors. Effectiveness depends on drug affinity and receptor number.
- Alpha 1 and 2 agonists → effects on skeletal/smooth muscle
- Beta 1 and 2 agonists → effects on the heart
- Dopaminergic agonists → effects on the coronary, renal, and mesenteric blood vessels.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Organization: Cranial-sacral origins. Pathway: NT > ganglion (long) > next NT > effector organ/gland (short).
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Key Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine.
Drugs Affecting ANS
- Sympathomimetics (adrenergic drugs) - mimic effects of sympathetic NTs.
- Sympatholytics (adrenergic blocking drugs) - block sympathetic NTs
- Parasympathomimetics (cholinergic drugs) - mimic effects of parasympathetic NTs.
- Parasympatholytics (anti-cholinergic drugs) - block parasympathetic NTs
Specific Drugs and Their Uses/Effects
- Numerous specific drugs (e.g., epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, etc.) and their effects are discussed in detail.
Adverse Side Effects
- Adrenergics/ Sympathomimetics: Tachycardia, hypertension, nervousness, cardiac arrhythmia, and pulmonary edema.
- Adrenergic Blocking/ Sympatholytics: Bradycardia, hypotension, worsening heart failure, and bronchoconstriction.
- Parasympathomimetics: Bradycardia, hypotension, heart block, lacrimation, diarrhea, vomiting, increased GI activity, and intestinal rupture.
- Parasympatholytics: Drowsiness, disorientation, tachycardia, photophobia, constipation, anxiety, and burning at injection site.
CNS Drug Classes
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Anticonvulsants (AEDs): Reduce seizure frequency and severity.
- Phenobarbital: Drug blood levels monitored regularly.
- Diazepam: Short acting; used for status epilepticus.
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Tranquilizers, Sedatives, & Anti-anxiety: Effects involve sedation, anti-emetic action, or reduced excitation in animals.
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Stimulants: Primarily used for respiratory depression/arrest (e.g., Doxapram)
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Euthanasia Agents: Controlled drugs that induce unconsciousness and cessation of vital functions (e.g., pentobarbital).
Additional Information
- Bethanechol, pilocarpine, atropine, glycopyrrolate, and other drugs and their uses for different conditions.
- Drug interactions, dosages, and monitoring.
- Different types of nervous system drugs are mentioned, with cautions/warnings on some.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamentals of the nervous system, focusing on the roles of different types of neurons and the process of message transmission. Understand how neurotransmitters function across synapses and the significance of action potentials in the nervous system. Test your knowledge on the physiological aspects and their implications for drug effects on the nervous system.
