Drug Use: Prevalence, Consumption & Life Cycles
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the core argument of the 'Rat Park' experiment in the context of addiction?

  • Addiction is primarily a result of genetic predisposition, with environmental factors playing a minor role.
  • Providing an enriched environment with positive social interactions can significantly reduce addictive behaviors. (correct)
  • Addiction is solely dependent on the reinforcing effects of the drug itself, irrespective of the environment.
  • Rats, like humans, are inherently prone to drug addiction regardless of their living conditions.

The metabolic imbalance theory of drug use is strongly supported by extensive scientific evidence and a well-understood biological mechanism.

False (B)

According to anomie theory, what societal condition primarily contributes to nonconforming behavior, such as drug use?

A malintegrated society where the means to gain assets is inaccessible

Self-control theory posits that deviant behavior stems from low self-control, which is often attributed to ineffective ________.

<p>parenting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theories of drug use with their primary focus:

<p>Genetic Theory = Identifies specific genetic patterns potentially correlated with addiction. Reinforcement-Dependence Model = Explores how addiction is linked to positive and negative reinforcement. Self-Control Theory = Suggests low self-control due to poor parenting leads to deviant behavior. Anomie Theory = Posits that societal malintegration contributes to nonconforming behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'prevalence rate' in the context of drug use?

<p>The percentage of the population that has used a drug within a certain time period. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nicotine has the highest prevalence rate among all substances.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely life stage for drug use?

<p>18-25</p> Signup and view all the answers

________ has the highest consumption level among commonly used substances.

<p>Nicotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical events/periods with their corresponding trends in illicit drug use:

<p>End of the 1970s = High point in illicit drug use 1980s = Sharp decline in illicit drug use 1990s = Rise in illicit drug use, mainly among the young</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason White women in the South were becoming addicted to opium in the 1800s?

<p>Opium was prescribed as a cure-all for malaria, to which white people were more susceptible. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nationally representative surveys are less accurate than tax data for tracking legal drug consumption.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why were Black people less likely than White people to develop opium addictions in the South during the 1800s?

<p>due to not having access to medical professionals that would create for them an addiction to pain medicine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which legislative act required distributors to list ingredients on product packaging, drawing attention to the lack of curative properties in some substances?

<p>Pure Food and Drug Act (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Volstead Act defined intoxicating beverages as anything more than 5% alcohol by volume.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary intention behind the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, despite being structured as a tax?

<p>to effectively ban the possession and sale of marijuana</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ model of addiction focuses mainly on physical withdrawal and cross-dependence.

<p>classic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each era of drug use with its defining characteristic:

<p>Natural Era = Early communities using natural mind-altering substances Transformative Era = Medical and technological advancements leading to new substances Synthetic Era = Lab-created drugs becoming available</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Harrison Tax Act of 1914 eventually function beyond its original intent to regulate narcotics?

<p>By becoming a system for criminalizing those not complying with regulations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 primarily focused on punishment and strict penalties for drug offenses from its inception.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one outcome that resulted form Nixon's 'War on Drugs'.

<p>increased incarceration rates for drug offenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ theory of media bias suggests that media content is shaped by the interests and beliefs of the general population.

<p>grassroots</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of media bias posits that media outlets consciously serve the interests of the ruling class and help maintain the status quo?

<p>Ruling-elite theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on 1980's studies babies born with fetal alcohol syndrome were significantly better off than those who were born after the mother used cocaine while pregnant.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a theory from a hypothesis?

<p>A theory is a general explanation of a phenomena, while a hypothesis is a prediction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stories that are over-exaggerated and often false, to fearmonger or manipulate people into believing something are examples of _______.

<p>sensationalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the media-sensationalized drug with its associated claim or consequence:

<p>Marijuana (1930s) = Believed to cause violence LSD (1960s) = Suggested link to chromosomal defects and mental illness PCP (1970s) = Suggested link to self-mutilation and bizarre behaviors Crack Cocaine (1980s) = Linked to drug gangs and unhealthy babies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that media slant and content result from the norms and ethics of journalists, such as verifying stories with multiple sources and prioritizing accuracy?

<p>Professional subculture theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Reinforcement-Dependence Model

A model explaining addiction through positive and negative reinforcement, focusing on the high and withdrawal avoidance.

Rat Park Experiment

An experiment illustrating how environment affects addiction; rats in enriched conditions avoid drugged water.

Genetic Theory of Drug Use

The hypothesis that a specific genetic pattern correlates with alcoholism among individuals.

Anomie Theory

A theory stating that deviant behavior arises from a disconnected society that idealizes wealth without accessible means.

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Self-Control Theory

A theory suggesting that low self-control from poor parenting leads to deviant behavior.

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Prevalence Rate

The percentage of the population that has used a drug within a certain time period.

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Continuance/Loyalty Rate

The rate of those who continue to use a drug after initial use.

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Consumption Level

The total volume of a substance consumed in a specific time period.

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Life-Cycles of Drugs

The likelihood of drug use during specific time periods of life.

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Drug Use by Age

Age categories for drug use likelihood: 0-17 unlikely, 18-25 likely, 26-34 less likely, 35+ even less likely.

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Shift in Illicit Drug Use

Illicit drug use peaked in the late 1970s, declined in the 80s, and rose again in the 1990s, especially among the young.

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Historical Use of Opioids

Morphine and its derivatives became widely used in the 1800s, changing drug consumption patterns.

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Racial and Gender Demographics in Drug Use

Drug use in the South varied significantly by race and sex, with White women primarily becoming medical addicts.

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Natural Era of Drug Use

Begun in prehistory, when early communities used natural mind-altering substances.

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Transformative Era of Drug Use

Started in the early 1800s alongside medical advancements, introducing opium derivatives and cocaine.

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Synthetic Era of Drug Use

Began in the 1900s with the advent of lab-created drugs.

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Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

Required distributors to list ingredients on products to improve safety and transparency.

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Harrison Tax Act of 1914

Regulated the sale of opium and cocaine, marking the start of federal drug control.

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Volstead Act of 1919

Defined intoxicating drinks and laid the foundation for Prohibition enforcement.

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Marijuana Tax Act of 1937

Imposed heavy taxes leading to the effective ban of marijuana possession and sale.

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Controlled Substances Act of 1970

Established drug policies, funding for health services, and a drug schedule.

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Ruling-Elite Theory

Media serves the interests of the ruling class, maintaining the status quo.

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Money-Machine Theory

News organizations prioritize profit over political agenda or ideology.

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Grassroots Theory

Media bias reflects the interests and beliefs of the majority population.

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Professional Subculture Theory

Journalistic norms and ethics shape the content of mass media.

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Classic Model of Addiction

Focuses on physical dependence, withdrawal symptoms, and cross-dependence.

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Reinforcement-Dependence Model of Addiction

Highlights behavioral aspects of addiction rather than solely physical withdrawal.

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Study Notes

Prevalence, Continuance, and Consumption Rates

  • Prevalence rate is the percentage of a population using a drug within a specific time frame. Alcohol has the highest prevalence rate.
  • Continuance/loyalty rate is the proportion of drug users who continue using the substance. Alcohol has the highest continuance rate.
  • Consumption level refers to the total amount of a substance consumed during a set period. Nicotine has the highest consumption level.

Drug Use Life Cycles

  • Drug use likelihood varies across life stages.
  • 0-17: Very unlikely.
  • 18-25: Very likely.
  • 26-34: Less likely.
  • 35+: Even less likely.

Data Collection Methods and Limitations

  • Nationally representative surveys provide more accurate data of drug use compared to relying on tax data.
  • Tax data for legal drugs (alcohol and nicotine) is accessible; illegal substances lack such data.
  • Surveys rely on self-reporting, leading to potential underreporting due to social desirability bias.
  • Illicit drug use peaked in the late 1970s, then declined sharply through the 1980s and rose again in the 1990s, mainly among young people.

Historical Eras of Drug Use

  • Natural Era: Pre-historic, involving natural substances used for mind-altering purposes.
  • Transformative Era: Early 1800s, fueled by advancements. Opium derivatives, cocaine, and the hypodermic needle. International trade played a role in spread.
  • Synthetic Era: 1900s, introduction of lab-created substances.

Legislation and Drug Control

  • Pure Food and Drug Act (1906): Required ingredient listing.
  • Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (1914): Regulated narcotics, initially focused on regulating substances but became a system of criminalizing non-compliance.
  • Volstead Act (1919): National Prohibition Act, defined intoxicating beverages and established legal enforcement framework.
  • Marijuana Tax Act (1937): Highened taxes, effectively banned marijuana.
  • Controlled Substances Act (1970): Comprehensive legislation that replaced other laws. Increased funding for research and established a drug schedule/penalties.

Drug Use in the Southern United States (Historical Context)

  • Medical use was a significant factor in initial addiction to opium among white individuals.
  • Racial tensions and differential medical access contributed to cocaine use amongst Black Americans.
  • Civil War impacted Southern habits and psychology.

Media Bias Theories

  • Ruling-elite theory: Media serve interests of the ruling class.
  • Money-machine theory: Media driven by profit.
  • Grassroots theory: Media reflects popular beliefs and interests.
  • Professional subculture theory: Media slant reflects journalist norms.
  • Drug stories often rely on sensationalism or exaggeration to attract attention.
  • Historical examples include links between marijuana and violence (e.g., Victor Licata), LSD and chromosomal defects, PCP and self-mutilation, and crack cocaine and urban violence.

Models of Addiction

  • Classic Model: Focuses on physical withdrawal and cross-dependence.
  • Reinforcement-dependence Model: Emphasizes positive/negative reinforcement. Psychological dependency is a key factor.
  • Rat Park Study: Challenges the idea that isolation is crucial for addiction, highlighting the importance of the environment.

Biological Theories of Drug Use

  • Genetic Theory: Suggests some genetic correlations with addiction (though not definitive causation).
  • Metabolic Imbalance Theory: Limited scientific and biological support.

Sociological Theories of Drug Use

  • Anomie Theory: Non-conformity due to societal misalignment/lack of accessibility.
  • Problem Behavior Proneness Theories: Emphasize factors like "unconventional personality."
  • Self-Control Theory: Low self-control, often from poor parenting, leads to drug-seeking behaviors.

General Note:

  • Theories are partial explanations and often complementary rather than mutually exclusive.

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Description

Explores drug use patterns, including prevalence, continuance, and consumption rates, highlighting differences between substances. Also examines drug use likelihood across various life stages and limitations of data collection methods.

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