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Questions and Answers
Which type of drug interaction occurs outside the body before drug administration?
Which type of drug interaction occurs outside the body before drug administration?
- Pharmacodynamic
- Pharmaceutical (correct)
- Pharmacokinetic
- Synergistic
A patient is prescribed two drugs. One drug enhances the effect of the other, despite having no inherent action itself. This is an example of what?
A patient is prescribed two drugs. One drug enhances the effect of the other, despite having no inherent action itself. This is an example of what?
- Synergism
- Addition
- Potentiation (correct)
- Antagonism
Which of the following describes a 'Harmful DI'?
Which of the following describes a 'Harmful DI'?
- An unpredictable toxicity (type B reaction). (correct)
- Combining drugs with different mechanisms to treat Tuberculosis.
- Combining drugs that correct adverse effects of each other.
- Combining drugs in treatment of cancer.
Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole combine to exert an actions greater than the sum of their individual actions, resulting in an increased antibiotic effect. This is an example of what?
Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole combine to exert an actions greater than the sum of their individual actions, resulting in an increased antibiotic effect. This is an example of what?
Adrenaline causes bronchodilation through one receptor, while Histamine causes bronchospasm through a different receptor. What kind of antagonism is this?
Adrenaline causes bronchodilation through one receptor, while Histamine causes bronchospasm through a different receptor. What kind of antagonism is this?
Which of the following is an example of a pharmaceutical drug interaction?
Which of the following is an example of a pharmaceutical drug interaction?
A drug interaction that affects absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion falls under which category?
A drug interaction that affects absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion falls under which category?
Two drugs compete for binding to the same receptor site. This is an example of which type of antagonism?
Two drugs compete for binding to the same receptor site. This is an example of which type of antagonism?
Which type of drug interaction involves changes at receptor sites or secondary physiological mechanisms?
Which type of drug interaction involves changes at receptor sites or secondary physiological mechanisms?
When the combined effect of aspirin and paracetamol equals the sum of their individual effects, this is an example of what?
When the combined effect of aspirin and paracetamol equals the sum of their individual effects, this is an example of what?
Neutralization of stomach acid by antacids (HCl + $NaHCO_3$) is an example of which type of antagonism?
Neutralization of stomach acid by antacids (HCl + $NaHCO_3$) is an example of which type of antagonism?
A drug interaction that results in altered drug metabolism is classified as:
A drug interaction that results in altered drug metabolism is classified as:
What is the result of 'Addition' drug interaction, where drug A has an effect of 1 and drug B has an effect of 1?
What is the result of 'Addition' drug interaction, where drug A has an effect of 1 and drug B has an effect of 1?
In which type of antagonism does one drug make another drug inactive by chemically combining with it?
In which type of antagonism does one drug make another drug inactive by chemically combining with it?
Considering the types of antagonism, which is most likely to involve two drugs binding to different receptors?
Considering the types of antagonism, which is most likely to involve two drugs binding to different receptors?
What is the primary characteristic of 'Synergism' in drug interactions?
What is the primary characteristic of 'Synergism' in drug interactions?
Two drugs are administered, and one drug alters the distribution of the other by affecting its binding to plasma proteins. This would be classified as what type of drug interaction?
Two drugs are administered, and one drug alters the distribution of the other by affecting its binding to plasma proteins. This would be classified as what type of drug interaction?
What distinguishes 'Pharmacological' from 'Physiological' antagonism?
What distinguishes 'Pharmacological' from 'Physiological' antagonism?
What determines whether a drug interaction would be considered 'Beneficial'?
What determines whether a drug interaction would be considered 'Beneficial'?
Which type of drug interaction is most likely changed by alterations in liver enzyme activity?
Which type of drug interaction is most likely changed by alterations in liver enzyme activity?
Flashcards
Drug-Drug Interactions (DI)
Drug-Drug Interactions (DI)
Altered pharmacological responses due to multiple drugs acting concurrently, can be beneficial or harmful.
Beneficial Drug-Drug Interaction
Beneficial Drug-Drug Interaction
Combining drugs with different mechanisms or correcting adverse effects.
Harmful Drug-Drug Interaction
Harmful Drug-Drug Interaction
Predictable effects or unpredictable toxicity from combining drugs.
Pharmaceutical Drug Interaction
Pharmaceutical Drug Interaction
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Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions
Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions
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Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions
Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions
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Addition or Summation
Addition or Summation
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Synergism
Synergism
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Potentiation
Potentiation
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Antagonism
Antagonism
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Chemical Antagonism
Chemical Antagonism
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Physiological Antagonism
Physiological Antagonism
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Pharmacological Antagonism
Pharmacological Antagonism
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Study Notes
- Drug-drug interactions refer to altered pharmacological responses when multiple drugs act concurrently.
- Such interactions can be either desired (beneficial) or undesired (harmful).
Beneficial Drug Interactions:
- Achieved when drugs with different mechanisms, or drugs that correct each other's adverse effects, are combined.
- Occurs in treatments for conditions like cancer and tuberculosis.
Harmful Drug Interactions:
- Can manifest as a predictable effect of one or both drugs (type A reaction) or as an unpredictable toxicity (type B reaction).
Types of Drug Interactions:
- Pharmaceutical
- Pharmacokinetic
- Pharmacodynamic
Pharmaceutical Drug Interactions:
- Occur outside the body (in vitro) before drug administration.
- Result from physical or chemical reactions between drugs, such as calcium and ceftriaxone leading to fatal precipitation in IV fluids.
Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions:
- Affect ADME which stands for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
- Interactions can occur at any of the stages of ADME, impacting how the body processes drugs.
Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions:
- Take place at sites of action, receptor sites, or through secondary physiological mechanisms.
- They lead to changes in drug responses.
Results of Drug Interactions:
- Addition or Summation (1+1=2): The action equals the sum of individual drug actions
- Example: aspirin + paracetamol.
- Synergism (1+1>2): The action exceeds the sum of individual drug actions
- Example: Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole, Bactrim®, Septrin®).
- Potentiation (1+0>1): One drug has no action (0) but increases the effect of another drug (>1)
- Example: Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid (Augmentin®).
- Antagonism: Occurs when using drugs with opposing actions
Types of Antagonism:
- Chemical: One drug reacts chemically with an active drug, forming an inactive compound
- Example: Neutralization with HCl + NaHCO3.
- Physiological: Two agonists act on two different receptors, producing opposite actions
- Example: Adrenaline (β2) causes bronchodilation, while Histamine (H1) causes bronchospasm on bronchioles.
- Pharmacological: Two drugs compete for the same receptor, either competitively or non-competitively.
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