Pharmacokinetics: distribution, metabolism and elimination

What is the definition of drug distribution?

Which statement about redistribution is TRUE?

Why can some drugs have prolonged clinical effects?

In pharmacokinetics, which sites are mainly considered?

The ultimate goal of therapy is that the drug must be present at the site of action in : _____________ and +/- a specific ______

How does lipid solubility affect drug distribution?

How does the degree of ionization affect drug distribution ?

How does the concentration gradient (related to the drug) affect drug distribution?

How does plasma protein binding affect drug distribution?

How does the affinity of a drug for certain tissues affect drug distribution?

How does the patient factor —blood flow— affect drug distribution?

How do the animals tissue barriers affect drug distribution?

Which protein do acidic drugs mainly bind to?

Which protein(s) do basic drugs mainly bind to?

What are the three main factors that can alter blood flow, and therefore the distribution of the drug?

What is an example of an active transport mechanism within the blood brain barrier that functions to remove organic acids or bases?

Why do younger animals typically have greater drug movement across the BBB than older animals?

In pharmacokinetics, what does a 'compartment' represent?

How are compartment models developed in pharmacokinetic studies?

What is a primary effect of drug biotransformation?

Which of the following best describes an enzyme inducer?

Is enzyme induction reversible or irreversible?

Which enzymes are inducible by drugs?

Which drug is an example of an enzyme inducer?

List all the examples of enzyme INDUCERS

What can enzyme induction lead to?

Drug excretion is the removal of drugs from the body, either as a ___________ or ____________

Bioactivation is the most common pharmacological activity of biotransformation

Which type of metabolic reaction is the most common?

Cats are deficient in what enzyme?

Dogs are deficient in what enzymes?

Cats are deficient in ___________ to __________ because they lack glucuronyl transferase

Hepatic first pass metabolism increases oral bioavailability of the drug

An enzyme inducer will typically prolong the half life of a drug

An enzyme inhibitor will typically prolong the half life of a drug

Which of the following is an example of an enzyme inhibitor?

What are enzyme INHIBITORS?

List the examples of drug enzyme INHIBITORS

Grapefruit juice acts as an enzyme inhibitor for which enzyme system?

How does reduced hepatic blood flow affect drug metabolism?

How does body temperature influence enzymatic drug metabolism?

The most important organ/system for route of drug excretion are the kidneys (renal)

What organ is the second most important organ for excretion of drugs?

Renal excretion is dependent on 3 factors. What are these three factors?

Highly lipid soluble drugs are usually metabolized last

What happens to conjugated lipophilic compounds during enterohepatic recirculation?

After being hydrolyzed in the intestines, what happens to the free drug?

Significant enterohepatic recycling has what effect on a drug’s half-life?

Which of the following is NOT a parameter used to measure drug elimination?

How is the half-life (t₁/₂) of a drug defined?

After how many half lives does it take for the drug to be almost completely eliminated?

A constant PERCENTAGE of drug is eliminated per unit time is describing what order of kinetics?

The elimination of most drugs follows which kinetic model?

A constant AMOUNT of drug is eliminated per unit time is describing what kinetic model?

Zero order kinetics means the rate of elimination remains __________ regardless of the amount of __________ in the body

First order kinetics means that the rate of removal of the drug from the plasma is ___________ to the ___________ present at a given time

Describe flip-flop kinetics

Flip flop kinetics is related to the route of administration

What is the steady state?

The time to reach steady state is dependent ONLY on the :

In achieving a steady state condition, which of the following statements is TRUE?