Drug Administration Practices

• Lecturer: Assist. Prof. Dr. Funda KARAMAN

Aim

• To provide the necessary practices for drug administration.

Objectives

• Understand the definition of a drug
• Classify drugs
• Know the effects of drugs on the body
• Explain how to request, supply, and store drugs
• Know the ways of administering drugs
• Know and apply drug practices

Weekly Flow Contents

• Description of the drug
• Classification of drugs
• Modes of action of drugs
• Factors that play a role in drugs affecting the patient
• Supply and storage of medicine
• Physician medication order
• Ways of administration of drugs
• Drug applications, enteral and parenteral drug applications

Drugs

• Obtained from animal, vegetable, mineral, or synthetic sources
• Chemical changes intended to diagnose, cure, or prevent disease
• Substances altering the function of the body when introduced to a living organism
• Medicines have differing forms and special content

Drug Administration

• The core function involves technical skills
• Requires adequate knowledge of medications
• Medication administration requires both knowledge and skills

Factors Affecting Drug Activity

• Growth period, especially in newborns and the elderly
• Weight and gender
• Genetic and cultural factors
• Psychological factors
• Illnesses, environment, and treatment time
• Adverse effect of the drug and individual differences

Drug Interactions

• Synergism shows more efficacy when two or more drugs are used together, such as in tuberculosis (TB) treatment.
• Additional indicates an increase in the effects of drugs, when more than one drug is taken together.
• Potentialization is when the effect of two drugs given together is more than the sum of their individual effects.
• Antagonism indicates when the effect of a drug is reduced or diminished by another drug, such as using naloxone to reduce the effects of narcotics.

Drug Metabolism Stages

• Absorption
• Transport or distribution
• Change or disintegration
• Excretion or elimination

Drug Supply and Storage

• Should be locked in the same room
• Stored in a clean, closed, dry, and cool place
• Bottles should be tightly closed
• Oily, diluted medicines are to be kept in the refrigerator or cold, using before the expiration date.

Supply and Storage Additional Information

• Vaccines and serums must be kept in the refrigerator
• Dirty medicine labels should be replaced
• Expired medicines or medicines with changes in color, odor, or appearance are not be used
• Artificial lighting is needed where the medicine cabinet is located
• Emergency medications should be stored separately
• Medications with the same effect must be kept together

Medicine Cabinet

• Must be large enough to hold all patients’ medications
• Addictive (narcotic) drugs must be kept in a double-locked cabinet, taken, and given with a signature
• A red label should be placed on poisonous drugs

Physician Medication Order

• Must be in writing in order to be legitimate
• This is except for in emergencies
• Regular request
• Request if necessary
• Urgent request which is for single cases

Parts of a Medication Order

• Patient name, date, and time.
• Drug name to be administered
• Drug dose and administration route
• Drug application frequency and signature of the doctor who wrote the order
• The Doctor orders and check health care professionals, to manage transferring data to their recording system.
• Used with observation sheets, recording
• If any doubt exists about the request and seek the physician.

Correctness After Checking Order:

• Add the date and time
• Sign under doctor's orders

Rights of Medication Administration

• The right patient
• The right medication
• The right dosage
• The right route
• The right time
• Right documentation
• Right client education
• Right to refuse
• Right assessment
• Right evaluation

Right patient:

• Check patient’s identification bracelet
• Ask the patient to state their name and birthdate
• Compare medication order to the identification bracelet
• Confirm the patient's statements, and verify any allergies using the chart or patient interviews

Right Medication

• Check the medication label when retrieving, preparing, and administering the medication, and always compare it with the physician's orders.
• Administer medication prepared only by the administrator, ensuring that it is adequately labeled

Right Dosage

• Check medication concentration, compare the prepared dose with the medication order, and triple-check dose calculations.
• Request a second nurse to review calculations and verify the dosage falls within appropriate ranges for the patient and medication

Right Time

• Verify the schedule medication with the order, including:
  • Date
  • Time
  • Specified period of time
• Check last dose given to patient
• Administer medication within 30 minutes of the scheduled time

Right Route

• Verify that the medication route matches the medication order before administering
• Medications given via the routes in their orders

Right Documentation

• Never document before giving the medication
• Document
  • Medication
  • Dosage
  • Route
  • Date and Time
  • Signature and credentials
• When appropriate, signature of other nurse checking medication

Right Client Education

• Inform the patient that a medication is begin and give it's medication
• Inform patients about desired medication effects
• Inform side effects it's medication
• Ask patients with allergies a medication

Right to Refuse

• Explain results of if you refuse a medication
• If someone makes that medication, you should inform the doctor
• Talk that family (The patient, parent, family or member)
• Patients want to don't take that medication
• Tell why they don't want to take the medication

Right Assessment

• You should check patient or test.
• Before, You should confirm that if it's safe to give the medication.

Right Evaluation

• Check or see if the side of effect
• To compare if the past to after

Principles of Drug Applications

• Know the rights of drug administration
• Wash hands and use gloves
• Introduce yourself
• Tell a person about a procedure
• Approve
• Keep it hidden
• Good places

Other Important Tips

• Be sure to use and always make sure, if someone takes a bad
• The doctor, give a best orders
• Always ask if someone has the allergies about a medicine

What must you remember during the drug administration

• Be bright
• Be neat
• Give it safe before use
• You should give it a safe place

Accuracy Tip

• Check 3 items

1. Taking items
2. Pouring into a glass
3. Replacing empty bottles

To Be Considered Tips

• If someone is taking
• A person who is eating is not safe
• Know information about drugs
• For family should have a information

Narcodics Drug Tips

• Must be locked
• Numbers should be recorded at each, numbers
• 2 nurses should signature if used
• If the container don't using to store and destroy
• It's a red drug

Absorption Rates

• Intracardiac 15 s
• Intravenous 30-60 s
• Inhalation 3min
• Tracheal 3min
• Sublingual 3-5
• Intramuscular 10-20 min
• Subcutan 15-30 dk
• Rectal 5-30
• Intradermal 15-30mins
• Transdermal (dermal can change)

Measurements Tip

• 1 cc= 1ml= 10 dizy= 100 units=20 drops
• 4-5ml =spoon
• 15 = Table
• 250m= Water
• 100mls = little te

Body Drug Tip

• Depends if body to look system effects
• Depending the rate how that
• If drug effects that

Local Administration

• Local drugs, shapes
  • On skin
  • Ointment, cream, lotions etc
  • Conjunctival to do
  • OPhalmic eye
  • Intranasal
    • Use an order
  • Intravaginal
    • Tablet and creams.
  • Use Otic as solutions

System Tip

• Enteral

• Solid tablet, dragee, capsules, film-coated tablets

• Liquid solution

• By syringes of IM -IV

• By vapor inhalation

• For trandermal, Flaster PTS

On skin Tip

• Absorption goes to location
• May has systemic, corticosteroids - Use lot, always - Dry and clean - Previous drubs - Lot should always been

Eye Tips

• Can be inner to outer canthus
• You should be careful
• Check that the drug should not enter someone eye
• Should have drop and be clean
• Should get from side

  • If it has for both eye ,you should do the healthy one and sick

  • You should should do first before using 15 minutes drops

  • Suspension drops should shake

Nose Tip

• Patrent position is important, Use a subline on and half fowel on
• The drug shouldn't connected to nasal
• Head is always high, a little bit

Transvaginal Point

• Patient priority
• Have support patients position
• Have creams, tablets that can help
• Get a device suppository and Fridge it

Ear Tip

• If a child pulls the other end and if you pull back the other side
• When pouring always make it soft by warming it

Applications

• Should the doctor has to explain
• Should be clean your hands and use medical gloves
• Do what has to be to

Things 10 must know

• To tell right information
• If something has to be done the right

Application Tips

• Light of has to be right
• Medical has to be neat
• Medicine store is the best

Before Applying drug

• Ask if there are any side effects has to be look with that

Enterel Applicaiton Tip

• Use some devices for food
• Get some clean devices

Isnt good for a situation for people of

• People has who trouble, breathing or heart, or not swallowing

Sublingual Side

• Is used when easy in a situation

Buccal Side Notes

• Medicine from gums to cheeks
• Don't not swallow , use it in

Rectal Details

• Private is priority
• Best and easy position is to give a patients
• It is one of suppository is in th fridge for a reason
• To heat the palm before you use

Transdermal Tip

• Is used to connect skin
• is drugs used for hormone treatment , with side effects

About Inhaling

• There are best because it's allveilo has some surface a little bit hard to permebality well
• Is best for lungs to give, it is advantageous for absorption

Advantagea

• Used to give the best effect fast
• Always to see

Inhalations are these

• Use to capsule with inhalation
• Resovior
• Nebulizer Etvs

How to use the nebilizure

• For treatment purpose, like asthma that are needed

Side Notes

• There is mouth and water that need to be used
• Use those when wounds happens to cure it

Parenteral Drug

• Is that drugs give from the order from the way of

• Subctanious

• Intradural

• Intramescullar - Inraveous

Syringe Tip

• Need to know

• Application that

• Amount of medication

• Body size

• Types of drug

What you should know and look

• It's in 2

   1.  Pull it from the med 
   2.  Using best and don'y use any other devices that it's with the syringe
  

• To see from that side the needle

  1. To find some clean 2. Give it soft with a syringe

How To Do Subcutan

• Give under the skin, so give small of 0.1 to 1ml and little
• Is an hormone drugs is always be a

Side notes

• Must always have the control by insulin (Answium

Subcutan Side

• For you can use this locations
  • Under arm
  • Under leg
  • Under the umbracile

Subcutan Tip

• You should always be change
• A spirta should not be performing it

For A needle Tip

• Is always be a tray
• Try to not follow too much to rules
• Should be using ten

A New

• If there was a way from

  • After drug is pulled that it

  • You give it to syringe, lock - Give it to body

What To Be in A new

    - Needle and
    - Syringe

Clean Points Tips

• To use acohol, start that to give it slow as posbile to the med

• Look that you do it, try not to see any bumps

• Always be sure has to be safe way of using this injection

Injection Points

• Can find for to be giving injections safely

Inject Tip

         -   Use that, if has a blood to pull the other and begin to check it

• If it doesn't give it to

Before use injection

• Has has be a needle that can help to do it correct
• Be that it has some

What you are seeing if give by

• To see are what you are gonna find and see with it

Z track Tip

• If there are heavy that be that you can make that that
• You have you use other hands
  • That only happens SC or IM

Application Z point, where

• Is all the place

To look for Transusion Side

• Has be high than side and see with that
• Should take air from a bulb

Point Note: From the

• Veinous system that using that - Is a sargul process you have to ask and use

• Veinous you should use special system with is

  1. Clean and to not get

• See from blood

  • Arterial -For gases
  • Blood - For people