Podcast
Questions and Answers
What differentiates drug abuse from drug addiction?
What differentiates drug abuse from drug addiction?
- Drug abuse involves self-medication that deviates from accepted societal norms, while drug addiction is a compulsive pattern of drug use. (correct)
- Drug abuse involves compulsive behavior while drug addiction is more controlled.
- Drug abuse is characterized by overwhelming drug involvement, whereas drug addiction has less intense usage.
- Drug abuse leads to physical dependence, while drug addiction does not.
What are the potential adverse effects of sudden withdrawal from certain drugs?
What are the potential adverse effects of sudden withdrawal from certain drugs?
- No significant effects unless the drug has been used for an extended period.
- Worsening of the clinical condition for which the drug was prescribed. (correct)
- Immediate physical harm regardless of the drug type.
- Exclusively psychological effects with no impact on physical conditions.
During which stage of fetal development is an embryo most vulnerable to teratogenic effects?
During which stage of fetal development is an embryo most vulnerable to teratogenic effects?
- Growth and development stage.
- Fertilization and implantation stage.
- All stages are equally vulnerable.
- Organogenesis stage. (correct)
What is the primary concern when a drug is classified as having mutagenic properties?
What is the primary concern when a drug is classified as having mutagenic properties?
What differentiates drug habituation from physical dependence?
What differentiates drug habituation from physical dependence?
Which of the following drugs is known to cause teratogenic effects?
Which of the following drugs is known to cause teratogenic effects?
What is one of the major characteristics of drug-induced diseases?
What is one of the major characteristics of drug-induced diseases?
How long can chemical carcinogenesis generally take to develop?
How long can chemical carcinogenesis generally take to develop?
Which type of allergic reaction is characterized by an immunologically mediated response that produces predictable symptoms?
Which type of allergic reaction is characterized by an immunologically mediated response that produces predictable symptoms?
What is a defining feature of intolerance concerning drug reactions?
What is a defining feature of intolerance concerning drug reactions?
Which type of drug reaction could potentially manifest as either therapeutic or side effects depending on the context?
Which type of drug reaction could potentially manifest as either therapeutic or side effects depending on the context?
What distinguishes drug-induced diseases from other adverse drug reactions?
What distinguishes drug-induced diseases from other adverse drug reactions?
Which example best illustrates idiosyncrasy in drug reactions?
Which example best illustrates idiosyncrasy in drug reactions?
What is a primary feature of both phototoxicity and photoallergy?
What is a primary feature of both phototoxicity and photoallergy?
Which of the following describes drug dependence?
Which of the following describes drug dependence?
Which of the following accurately describes the difference between an adverse drug reaction and a side effect?
Which of the following accurately describes the difference between an adverse drug reaction and a side effect?
Which of the following is true regarding secondary effects of drugs?
Which of the following is true regarding secondary effects of drugs?
In which scenario would toxicity be considered a dose-related effect?
In which scenario would toxicity be considered a dose-related effect?
What factor is NOT typically considered a patient-related factor affecting adverse drug reactions?
What factor is NOT typically considered a patient-related factor affecting adverse drug reactions?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a common cause of adverse drug reactions?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a common cause of adverse drug reactions?
Which of these conditions is NOT a risk associated with the use of medications during pregnancy?
Which of these conditions is NOT a risk associated with the use of medications during pregnancy?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the likelihood of developing adverse drug reactions in the elderly?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the likelihood of developing adverse drug reactions in the elderly?
Which type of adverse drug reaction is characterized by being less common, unrelated to pharmacological action, and having high mortality risk?
Which type of adverse drug reaction is characterized by being less common, unrelated to pharmacological action, and having high mortality risk?
What is the appropriate management for a Type C adverse drug reaction?
What is the appropriate management for a Type C adverse drug reaction?
Which of the following is an example of a Type D adverse drug reaction?
Which of the following is an example of a Type D adverse drug reaction?
What features characterize Type E adverse drug reactions?
What features characterize Type E adverse drug reactions?
Which classification of adverse drug reactions is likely to result in permanent damage to the patient?
Which classification of adverse drug reactions is likely to result in permanent damage to the patient?
What is the common cause for a Type F adverse drug reaction?
What is the common cause for a Type F adverse drug reaction?
What management approach is advised for immunological reactions classified under Type B?
What management approach is advised for immunological reactions classified under Type B?
Which of the following examples illustrates a potential outcome of Type D adverse drug reactions?
Which of the following examples illustrates a potential outcome of Type D adverse drug reactions?
Which statement accurately describes Type C adverse drug reactions?
Which statement accurately describes Type C adverse drug reactions?
Which of the following management strategies is crucial for addressing withdrawal syndrome associated with Type E reactions?
Which of the following management strategies is crucial for addressing withdrawal syndrome associated with Type E reactions?
Which of the following types of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is characterized by predictable reactions at therapeutic doses and typically low mortality?
Which of the following types of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is characterized by predictable reactions at therapeutic doses and typically low mortality?
Which of the following examples correctly matches a serious adverse drug reaction to its drug type?
Which of the following examples correctly matches a serious adverse drug reaction to its drug type?
Which class of ADRs is referred to as 'Bizarre' and usually occurs independently of the drug dose?
Which class of ADRs is referred to as 'Bizarre' and usually occurs independently of the drug dose?
What type of drug is most likely to cause respiratory depression as a Type A adverse drug reaction?
What type of drug is most likely to cause respiratory depression as a Type A adverse drug reaction?
Which drug combination is known to potentially result in Stevens-Johnson Syndrome or Toxic epidermal necrolysis?
Which drug combination is known to potentially result in Stevens-Johnson Syndrome or Toxic epidermal necrolysis?
Which medication is associated with dry mouth as a Type A adverse drug reaction?
Which medication is associated with dry mouth as a Type A adverse drug reaction?
Which type of drug-related event requires a decrease in dosage or indicates caution for future use?
Which type of drug-related event requires a decrease in dosage or indicates caution for future use?
Which of the following drugs is unlikely to be associated with bone fractures as an adverse reaction?
Which of the following drugs is unlikely to be associated with bone fractures as an adverse reaction?
What is a distinguishing feature of Type C adverse drug reactions?
What is a distinguishing feature of Type C adverse drug reactions?
Which of the following medications is known to cause confusion and drowsiness as a serious adverse reaction?
Which of the following medications is known to cause confusion and drowsiness as a serious adverse reaction?
Flashcards are hidden until you start studying
Study Notes
Drug Abuse
- Using a drug outside of approved medical or social patterns
- Deviates from generally accepted use within a specific culture
Drug Addiction
- Compulsive drug use pattern
- Involves an overwhelming preoccupation with the drug
- Obtaining and using the drug takes priority over other activities
Drug Habituation (Psychological Dependence)
- Less intensive involvement with a drug
- Withdrawal causes only mild discomfort
- Examples: tea, coffee, tobacco, social drinking
Drug Withdrawal Reactions
- Adverse consequences from suddenly stopping therapy with certain drugs
- Worsens the clinical condition the drug was treating
Teratogenicity
- A drug's ability to cause fetal abnormalities when administered to a pregnant woman
- Three stages of fetal development can be affected by drugs:
- Fertilization and Implantation (0-17 days): May lead to pregnancy failure (often unnoticed)
- Organogenesis (18 - 55 days): Most vulnerable period, leads to deformities
- Growth and Development (56 days onward): Leads to developmental or functional abnormalities
Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity
- Mutagenicity: A drug's ability to cause genetic defects
- Carcinogenicity: A drug's ability to cause cancer
- Reactive intermediates affect genes and can cause chromosomal changes
- Chemicals can promote malignant changes in genetically damaged cells (even without direct interaction with DNA)
- Carcinogenesis typically takes 10 - 40 years to develop
Drug Induced Diseases (Iatrogenic Diseases)
- Caused by medical treatment (physician induced)
- Management: reduce drug dosage or withhold the drug, consider interactions of concomitant therapy
Type B (Bizarre) Adverse Drug Reactions
- Less common
- Not related to the drug's pharmacological action
- Unpredictable
- High mortality
- Examples
- Immunological reactions: Anaphylaxis with penicillin
- Idiosyncratic reactions: Malignant hyperthermia with general anesthetics
- Skin rashes with antibiotics
- Management: Withhold the drug and avoid it in the future
Type C (Chemical) Adverse Drug Reactions
- Uncommon
- Persistent effects, lasting a relatively long duration
- Related to cumulative drug dosage
- Examples
- Osteoporosis of jaw with bisphosphonates
- Nephrotoxicity by NSAIDs
- Hepatotoxicity by paracetamol
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression by corticosteroids
- Management: Reduce the drug dosage, consider alternate day therapy (if possible), withdrawal needs to be prolonged
Type D (Delayed) Adverse Drug Reactions
- Uncommon
- Usually dose-related
- Occurs or becomes apparent after the drug has been taken
- Examples: Carcinogenesis, Teratogenesis, Tardive dyskinesia, Leucopenia with lomustine (after 6 weeks on medication)
- Management: Often intractable
Type E (Exit/End of Treatment) Adverse Drug Reactions
- Uncommon
- Occurs shortly after stopping medication
- Examples: Withdrawal syndrome with opioids or benzodiazepines (e.g., insomnia, anxiety)
- Management: Reintroduce the drug and withdraw it slowly
Type F (Failure) Adverse Drug Reactions
- Common
- Dose related
- Often caused by drug interactions
- Examples: Inadequate dosage of an oral contraceptive (when used with an enzyme inducer), resistance to antimicrobial agents
- Management: Increase the dosage, consider effects of concomitant therapy
Classification of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) by Severity
- Minor ADRs: Don't require therapy, antidote, or hospital stay extension
- Moderate ADRs: Requires drug therapy changes, specific treatment, or hospital stay extension of at least 1 day
- Severe ADRs: Potentially life-threatening, can cause permanent damage or require intensive medical treatment
- Lethal ADRs: Directly or indirectly contribute to the patient's death
ADR Categories
- Side effects
- Secondary effects
- Toxic effects
- Intolerance
- Idiosyncrasy
- Drug allergy
- Photosensitivity
- Drug dependence, Drug withdrawal reactions, Teratogenicity
- Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity
- Drug-induced diseases (Iatrogenic disorders or Iatrogenicity)
Side Effects
- Unwanted, often unavoidable pharmacodynamic (PD) effects
- Occur at therapeutic doses
- Predictable
- Examples
- Benzodiazepines: Drowsiness, dizziness, confusion
- H1 Anti-histaminics: Sedation
- An effect can be therapeutic in one context, but a side effect in another
- Example: Constipation with codeine - side effect, but can be therapeutic for diarrhea
Secondary Effects
- Indirect consequences of a drug's primary action
- Examples:
- Corticosteroids (weaken host defense): Activation of latent tuberculosis
- Tetracyclines (Alter bacterial flora): Superinfection
Toxic Effects
- Occur due to overdose or prolonged use
- Effects are predictable and dose-related
- Examples:
- High dose heparin: Bleeding
- High dose paracetamol: Hepatic necrosis
- Prolonged use of gentamicin: Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
Intolerance
- Appearance of characteristic toxic drug effects at therapeutic doses
- Indicates an individual's low threshold to the drug's action
- Sensitivity to low drug doses
- Unpredictable
- Examples:
- Carbamazepine (few doses): Ataxia in some individuals
- Chloroquine (single tablet): Vomiting & abdominal pain in some individuals
Idiosyncrasy
- Genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a chemical
- Drug interacts with unique individual features (not found in most people)
- Produces an uncharacteristic reaction
- Unpredictable
- Examples:
- Chloramphenicol: Aplastic anemia (non-dose-related) in rare patients
- Barbiturates: Excitement and mental confusion in some patients
Drug Allergy
- Also called drug hypersensitivity
- Immunologically mediated allergic reaction, producing stereotypical symptoms unrelated to the drug's PD profile
- Occurs even with very small doses
- Different onset and duration than PD effects
- Unpredictable
- Allergic reactions affect a small proportion of the population exposed to a drug
ADRs and Side Effects
- ADRs and side effects are unintended medication responses
- ADRs are harmful and more unexpected than side effects
- Side effects are more predictable than ADRs
- Side effects can be beneficial or harmful
Common Causes of ADRs
- Incorrect drug dosage, timing, or regimens
- Drug overdose
- Drug allergies
- Alcohol consumption while taking medication
- Drug interactions (with other medications or substances)
- Taking someone else's prescribed medication
Patient-Related Factors Affecting ADRs
- Age
- Sex
- Genetics
- Concurrent diseases (e.g., renal, liver, cardiac)
- Previous ADRs
- Drug regimen compliance
- Number of medications
- Miscellaneous: Diet, smoking, environmental exposures
Drug-Related Factors Affecting ADRs
- Dosage
- Duration of treatment
- Drug inherent toxicity
- Pharmacodynamic (PD) properties
- Pharmacokinetic (PK) properties
FDA ADR Definition
- Death
- Life-threatening
- Hospitalization required
- Disability
- Congenital anomalies
- Intervention needed to prevent permanent injury
Metronidazole and Mebendazole (Vermox) Adverse Reactions
- Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Type A (Augmented) Adverse Drug Reactions
- Exaggerated/amplified effects of a drug's typical pharmacological actions at a normal therapeutic dose
- Dose-dependent
- Predictable
- Low mortality
- Examples:
- Respiratory depression with opioids
- Bleeding with warfarin
- Dry mouth with tricyclic antidepressants
- Bradycardia with beta-blockers
- Headache with nitrates
Learning Objectives For ADRs
- Define and classify ADRs
- Assess characteristics of each ADR type
- Describe examples of ADRS
- Appraise stages of drug evaluation (pre- and post-marketing)
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
