39 Questions
Which neurotransmitter is identified as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
GABA
What is the primary mechanism of termination of action of a bolus dose of an anesthetic induction agent?
Redistribution to the vessel intermediate group
What is the definition of efficacy of a drug?
The maximal response when all receptor sites are occupied
What does volume of distribution represent?
The dosage divided by the initial plasma concentration
Which section in the pharmacology review focuses on Neuromuscular blockers?
Section IV: Neuromuscular blockers
What is the cumulative percentage contribution of 'Inhaled Anesthetics' to the final exam?
< 20%
Which of the following is considered the best measure of renal function?
Creatinine clearance
What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
Glycine
Which ion has a higher extracellular concentration and depolarizes the cell when it enters?
Sodium (Na+)
Which receptor type is associated with rapid synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, and long-term potentiation?
Ligand-gated ion channels
What are the primary targets of adenosine in the context of anesthesia-related drugs?
Ion channel receptors
What effect do benzodiazepines have on the GABAA receptor?
Increase sensitivity to endogenous GABA
Which type of ion channels respond to changes in voltage across the cell membrane and play an important role in the transmission of impulses in neurons and skeletal muscle?
Voltage-gated ion channels
Which ion typically traverses the channel when depolarization occurs in voltage-gated ion channels?
Sodium (Na+)
Which receptors are coupled to G protein-regulated inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs)?
All of the above
What is the term for the decreased postsynaptic firing following rapid, repetitive firing which is presumably due to exhaustion of neurotransmitters?
Synaptic fatigue
What is defined by the dose or concentration needed to produce a defined effect, such as ED50 or (EC50) in receptor theory?
Potency
What term describes the existence of spare receptors in the presence of a maximal tissue response in the absence of 100% receptor binding by an agonist?
Spare receptors
Which of the following statements regarding drug absorption is true?
Oral transmucosal route bypasses the liver due to direct entry into systemic circulation
What is the primary mechanism of termination of action of a bolus dose of an induction agent?
Redistribution to other compartments due to lipid solubility
Which factor affects the volume of distribution of a drug?
Age and obesity
What is the main function of phase I drug metabolism reactions?
Increase drug polarity and are dependent on CYP450 enzymes
Which statement about hepatic clearance is accurate?
Enzyme inhibition affects metabolism of low HER drugs more
How does concentration of plasma proteins affect drug binding and distribution?
Changes in plasma protein concentrations have the greatest effect on highly protein bound drugs
What is the most reliable measure of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Creatinine Clearance
Which process involves the measurement of drug concentration in multiple tissues over time?
Physiologic Models
In pharmacokinetic models, what is assumed to occur only from the central compartment?
Clearance
What is the equation for a two compartment model following IV injection of a dose A+B?
$Cp(t) = Ae-at + Be-Bt$
Which model describes the pharmacokinetics of most anesthetic drugs with assumptions of linear first-order processes and time invariance?
Two Compartment Model
What does the context-sensitive half-time refer to?
The time required for the drug concentration to decrease by 50% following termination of a steady state infusion
Which drug delivery method is experimental and not available commercially for anesthetic purposes?
Closed-Loop Infusions
What is the ratio used to determine the safety of a drug?
Therapeutic index
Which factor is identified as the most important determinant of metabolic rate in interpatient variability?
Genetic factors (alteration in CYP450 enzymes)
What is the equation for Target Controlled Infusions dependent on?
Plasma concentration and elimination rate
Which section in the pharmacology review focuses on the net effect of combining two drugs, which may be additive, synergistic, or antagonistic?
Response Surface Models
What does MACAWAKE represent?
The drug concentration where 50% of patients follow commands
What does the Context-Sensitive Decrement-Time allow the substitution for?
$50%$ of any decrement which may prove more valuable
Which factor can cause variation in plasma concentrations using the same dosing regimen up to 2-fold?
Genetic factors (alteration in CYP450 enzymes)
What are probability isoboles typically at?
$5%, 50%, 95%$
Test your knowledge about drug absorption, pharmacologically active and inactive drugs, reabsorption in renal tubules, and hepatic metabolism. Explore the concept of ion trapping and the varying concentrations of drugs in compartments with different pH levels.
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