1.1 Pharm (Anderson)

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Which neurotransmitter is identified as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Acetylcholine

Serotonin

GABA (correct)

Dopamine

What is the primary mechanism of termination of action of a bolus dose of an anesthetic induction agent?

Activation of specific receptors

Metabolism by the liver

Excretion by the kidneys

Redistribution to the vessel intermediate group (correct)

What is the definition of efficacy of a drug?

The duration of action in the body

The ability to produce side effects

The maximal response when all receptor sites are occupied (correct)

The ability to reach peak plasma concentration quickly

What does volume of distribution represent?

The dosage divided by the initial plasma concentration Signup and view all the answers

Which section in the pharmacology review focuses on Neuromuscular blockers?

Section IV: Neuromuscular blockers Signup and view all the answers

What is the cumulative percentage contribution of 'Inhaled Anesthetics' to the final exam?

< 20% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered the best measure of renal function?

Creatinine clearance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Glycine Signup and view all the answers

Which ion has a higher extracellular concentration and depolarizes the cell when it enters?

Sodium (Na+) Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor type is associated with rapid synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, and long-term potentiation?

Ligand-gated ion channels Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary targets of adenosine in the context of anesthesia-related drugs?

Ion channel receptors Signup and view all the answers

What effect do benzodiazepines have on the GABAA receptor?

Increase sensitivity to endogenous GABA Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ion channels respond to changes in voltage across the cell membrane and play an important role in the transmission of impulses in neurons and skeletal muscle?

Voltage-gated ion channels Signup and view all the answers

Which ion typically traverses the channel when depolarization occurs in voltage-gated ion channels?

Sodium (Na+) Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are coupled to G protein-regulated inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs)?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the decreased postsynaptic firing following rapid, repetitive firing which is presumably due to exhaustion of neurotransmitters?

Synaptic fatigue Signup and view all the answers

What is defined by the dose or concentration needed to produce a defined effect, such as ED50 or (EC50) in receptor theory?

Potency Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the existence of spare receptors in the presence of a maximal tissue response in the absence of 100% receptor binding by an agonist?

Spare receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding drug absorption is true?

Oral transmucosal route bypasses the liver due to direct entry into systemic circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of termination of action of a bolus dose of an induction agent?

Redistribution to other compartments due to lipid solubility Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects the volume of distribution of a drug?

Age and obesity Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of phase I drug metabolism reactions?

Increase drug polarity and are dependent on CYP450 enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about hepatic clearance is accurate?

Enzyme inhibition affects metabolism of low HER drugs more Signup and view all the answers

How does concentration of plasma proteins affect drug binding and distribution?

Changes in plasma protein concentrations have the greatest effect on highly protein bound drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the most reliable measure of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Creatinine Clearance Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the measurement of drug concentration in multiple tissues over time?

Physiologic Models Signup and view all the answers

In pharmacokinetic models, what is assumed to occur only from the central compartment?

Clearance Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for a two compartment model following IV injection of a dose A+B?

$Cp(t) = Ae-at + Be-Bt$ Signup and view all the answers

Which model describes the pharmacokinetics of most anesthetic drugs with assumptions of linear first-order processes and time invariance?

Two Compartment Model Signup and view all the answers

What does the context-sensitive half-time refer to?

The time required for the drug concentration to decrease by 50% following termination of a steady state infusion Signup and view all the answers

Which drug delivery method is experimental and not available commercially for anesthetic purposes?

Closed-Loop Infusions Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio used to determine the safety of a drug?

Therapeutic index Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is identified as the most important determinant of metabolic rate in interpatient variability?

Genetic factors (alteration in CYP450 enzymes) Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for Target Controlled Infusions dependent on?

Plasma concentration and elimination rate Signup and view all the answers

Which section in the pharmacology review focuses on the net effect of combining two drugs, which may be additive, synergistic, or antagonistic?

Response Surface Models Signup and view all the answers

What does MACAWAKE represent?

The drug concentration where 50% of patients follow commands Signup and view all the answers

What does the Context-Sensitive Decrement-Time allow the substitution for?

$50%$ of any decrement which may prove more valuable Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can cause variation in plasma concentrations using the same dosing regimen up to 2-fold?