Lecture 1

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary concern of toxicology?

Regulation of dietary supplements and banned substances

Detection of poisons and adverse effects of drugs (correct)

Measurement and analysis of potential toxins and prescription medications

Development of biologic products and drug testing

What is the purpose of the 'Food, Drug, Cosmetic Act' passed in 1938?

To oversee the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics (correct)

To measure and analyze potential toxins in the body

To regulate the labeling and production of dietary supplements

To introduce security and record-keeping requirements for the pharmaceutical industry

What is the role of the 'Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act' passed in 1970?

To monitor the development of biologic products

To oversee the measurement and analysis of potential toxins

To regulate the safety of food and cosmetics

To maintain security and record-keeping of drugs in the pharmaceutical industry (correct)

What do drugs interact with in biological systems?

Biological systems in ways that mimic, resemble or affect natural chemicals of the body Signup and view all the answers

What are the three names given to drugs?

Chemical, proprietary, and generic Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when a drug uniquely interacts with specific target molecules in the body?

Drug-receptor bonding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism involved in Aqueous Diffusion?

Movement of molecules through watery spaces governed by Fick's law Signup and view all the answers

Which division of pharmacology focuses on 'What the body does to the drug'?

Pharmacokinetics Signup and view all the answers

What does pharmacodynamics focus on?

What the drug does to the body Signup and view all the answers

Which step is not a key aspect of Pharmacokinetics?

Therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of how drugs exert their effects on living systems called?

Pharmacodynamics Signup and view all the answers

What is the most suitable route of drug administration for a patient who is unconscious?

Intravenous injection Signup and view all the answers

Which division of pharmacology involves the influence of genetic variation on drug responses in patients?

Pharmacogenomics Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration bypasses hepatic first-pass metabolism?

Intravenous injection Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT involved in optimizing drug therapy?

Drug development process Signup and view all the answers

For which type of drugs is intramuscular injection commonly delivered into the gluteal or deltoid muscles?

Analgesics Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of pharmacology involves the study of how drugs work and the ways in which drugs are modified within organisms?

Pharmacodynamics Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration provides continuous absorption and systemic effects over many hours?

Transdermal absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration involves inhalation and rapid absorption through the pulmonary epithelium and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract?

Inhalation Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration is suitable for local effects on the meninges or cerebrospinal axis, such as in anesthesia or treatment of acute CNS infections?

Intradermal injection Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration is appropriate for drugs that are inactivated by the gastrointestinal tract?

Intravenous injection Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration involves applying drugs to the mucous membranes for their local effects?

Mucous membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug absorption is the most common due to its large surface area and alkaline pH?

Intestinal absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for drugs mixed with a substance that melts at body temperature for rectal, urethral, or vaginal administration?

Suppositories Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug administration involves absorption through mucosal membranes beneath the tongue or between the gums and cheeks?

Sublingual and buccal routes Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug formulation are designed to dissolve only in the less-acidic portions of the intestines?

Enteric-coated products Signup and view all the answers

Where can drug absorption be delayed by food or take place more quickly in gastric lavage or induced vomiting?

Stomach Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration involves drugs absorbed through the skin using a patch or bandage system?

Transdermal Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport uses carriers to transport molecules along concentration gradients and is not energy-dependent?

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of pharmacokinetics involves the process of optimizing drug therapy?

Dose Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism involved in Aqueous Diffusion in pharmacokinetics?

Simple diffusion Signup and view all the answers

In which division of pharmacology is the influence of genetic variation on drug responses in patients studied?

Pharmacogenomics Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for drugs mixed with a substance that melts at body temperature for rectal, urethral, or vaginal administration?

Suppository Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration provides continuous absorption and systemic effects over many hours?

Transdermal Signup and view all the answers

Which division of pharmacology involves the influence of genetic variation on drug responses in patients?

Pharmacogenomics Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug formulation are designed to dissolve only in the less-acidic portions of the intestines?

Delayed-release products Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug administration involves inhalation and rapid absorption through the pulmonary epithelium and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract?

Pulmonary Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for drugs mixed with a substance that melts at body temperature for rectal, urethral, or vaginal administration?

Suppositories Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration bypasses hepatic first-pass metabolism?

Transdermal Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport uses carriers to transport molecules along concentration gradients and is not energy-dependent?

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of toxicology?

Adverse effects Signup and view all the answers

Where can drug absorption be delayed by food or take place more quickly in gastric lavage or induced vomiting?

Oral route Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when a drug uniquely interacts with specific target molecules in the body?

Pharmacodynamics Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration involves applying drugs to the mucous membranes for their local effects?

Buccal route Signup and view all the answers

What are the three names given to drugs?

Generic, Brand, Chemical Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the 'Food, Drug, Cosmetic Act' passed in 1938?

To regulate the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration bypasses hepatic first-pass metabolism?

Transdermal administration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of toxicology?

The measurement and analysis of potential toxins Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug absorption is the most common due to its large surface area and alkaline pH?

Oral administration Signup and view all the answers

What does pharmacodynamics focus on?

The study of how drugs exert their effects on living systems Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug formulation is designed to dissolve only in the less-acidic portions of the intestines?

Enteric-coated tablets Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT involved in optimizing drug therapy?

Safety assessment of drug metabolism Signup and view all the answers

'Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act' regulates which aspect of drugs?

Labeling and production Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration bypasses hepatic first-pass metabolism?

Intravenous Injection (IV) Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug formulation is designed to dissolve only in the less-acidic portions of the intestines?

Enteric-coated tablets Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration involves applying drugs to the mucous membranes for their local effects?

Mucous membranes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of toxicology?

Drug toxicity Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration provides continuous absorption and systemic effects over many hours?

Transdermal Absorption Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport uses carriers to transport molecules along concentration gradients and is not energy-dependent?

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration involves absorption through mucosal membranes beneath the tongue or between the gums and cheeks?

Sublingual administration Signup and view all the answers

Where can drug absorption be delayed by food or take place more quickly in gastric lavage or induced vomiting?

Oral route Signup and view all the answers

What is the most suitable route of drug administration for a patient who is unconscious?

Intravenous Injection (IV) Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug absorption is the most common due to its large surface area and alkaline pH?

Oral route Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration involves drugs absorbed through the skin using a patch or bandage system?

Transdermal Absorption Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Plasma protein-bound drugs cannot move through aqueous pores in membranes according to Fick's Law of Diffusion.
Three ways drugs move across membranes: passive transport (diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion), endocytosis, and exocytosis.
Active transport requires energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient and has limited binding sites. L-dopa uses the large neutral amino acid transport system for absorption.
Facilitated diffusion is not energy-dependent and uses carriers to transport molecules along concentration gradients. Glucose entry into cells is an example.
Drugs can be absorbed faster from organs with large surface areas and thinner membranes due to higher permeability.
Drugs can exist in ionized or non-ionized form depending on the pH of the environment and whether they are weak acids or weak bases. Ionized drugs are more water-soluble, while non-ionized drugs are more lipid-soluble.
Membranes, composed of lipids, absorb non-ionized drugs and excrete ionized drugs. Acidic environments favor absorption of weak bases and excretion of weak acids.
Oral drug administration involves crossing the digestive epithelium and vascular endothelium. Gastric lavage or induced vomiting can remove drugs from the body.
Digestive absorption can take place anywhere in the digestive tract, and oral administration often requires a 30-minute to 1-hour delay before significant drug absorption occurs.
Sublingual and buccal routes involve absorption through mucosal membranes beneath the tongue or between the gums and cheeks.
Stomach absorption is slower and less common due to its acidic environment but can occur for neutral, non-ionized drugs.
Intestinal absorption is the most common form of absorption due to its large surface area and alkaline pH.
Drug formulations include gelatin capsules, aqueous solutions, delayed-release products, troches and lozenges, and suppositories.
Suppositories are drugs mixed with a substance that melts at body temperature for rectal, urethral, or vaginal administration.
Transdermal products involve drugs absorbed through the skin using a patch or bandage system.
Oral, sublingual, buccal, stomach, intestine, suppositories, and transdermal are common routes of drug administration.
Advantages and disadvantages of each route include safety, convenience, absorption rate, and patient compliance.
Drug absorption can be delayed by food or take place more quickly in gastric lavage or induced vomiting.
Enteric-coated products are designed to dissolve only in the less-acidic portions of the intestines.
Suppositories should be taken on an empty stomach with water.
Plasma protein-bound drugs cannot move through aqueous pores in membranes according to Fick's Law of Diffusion.
Three ways drugs move across membranes: passive transport (diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion), endocytosis, and exocytosis.
Active transport requires energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient and has limited binding sites. L-dopa uses the large neutral amino acid transport system for absorption.
Facilitated diffusion is not energy-dependent and uses carriers to transport molecules along concentration gradients. Glucose entry into cells is an example.
Drugs can be absorbed faster from organs with large surface areas and thinner membranes due to higher permeability.
Drugs can exist in ionized or non-ionized form depending on the pH of the environment and whether they are weak acids or weak bases. Ionized drugs are more water-soluble, while non-ionized drugs are more lipid-soluble.
Membranes, composed of lipids, absorb non-ionized drugs and excrete ionized drugs. Acidic environments favor absorption of weak bases and excretion of weak acids.
Oral drug administration involves crossing the digestive epithelium and vascular endothelium. Gastric lavage or induced vomiting can remove drugs from the body.
Digestive absorption can take place anywhere in the digestive tract, and oral administration often requires a 30-minute to 1-hour delay before significant drug absorption occurs.
Sublingual and buccal routes involve absorption through mucosal membranes beneath the tongue or between the gums and cheeks.
Stomach absorption is slower and less common due to its acidic environment but can occur for neutral, non-ionized drugs.
Intestinal absorption is the most common form of absorption due to its large surface area and alkaline pH.
Drug formulations include gelatin capsules, aqueous solutions, delayed-release products, troches and lozenges, and suppositories.
Suppositories are drugs mixed with a substance that melts at body temperature for rectal, urethral, or vaginal administration.
Transdermal products involve drugs absorbed through the skin using a patch or bandage system.
Oral, sublingual, buccal, stomach, intestine, suppositories, and transdermal are common routes of drug administration.
Advantages and disadvantages of each route include safety, convenience, absorption rate, and patient compliance.
Drug absorption can be delayed by food or take place more quickly in gastric lavage or induced vomiting.
Enteric-coated products are designed to dissolve only in the less-acidic portions of the intestines.
Suppositories should be taken on an empty stomach with water.

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Test your knowledge about drug absorption and Fick's Law of Diffusion with this quiz. Explore concepts such as the rate of movement of molecules across barriers, concentration gradient, permeability coefficient, and factors affecting drug absorption.

Lecture 1

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Podcast

Questions and Answers

What is the primary concern of toxicology?

What is the purpose of the 'Food, Drug, Cosmetic Act' passed in 1938?

What is the role of the 'Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act' passed in 1970?

What do drugs interact with in biological systems?

What are the three names given to drugs?

What is the process called when a drug uniquely interacts with specific target molecules in the body?

What is the primary mechanism involved in Aqueous Diffusion?

Which division of pharmacology focuses on 'What the body does to the drug'?

What does pharmacodynamics focus on?

Which step is not a key aspect of Pharmacokinetics?

What is the study of how drugs exert their effects on living systems called?

What is the most suitable route of drug administration for a patient who is unconscious?

Which division of pharmacology involves the influence of genetic variation on drug responses in patients?

Which route of drug administration bypasses hepatic first-pass metabolism?

What is NOT involved in optimizing drug therapy?

For which type of drugs is intramuscular injection commonly delivered into the gluteal or deltoid muscles?

Which aspect of pharmacology involves the study of how drugs work and the ways in which drugs are modified within organisms?

Which route of drug administration provides continuous absorption and systemic effects over many hours?

Which route of drug administration involves inhalation and rapid absorption through the pulmonary epithelium and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract?

Which route of drug administration is suitable for local effects on the meninges or cerebrospinal axis, such as in anesthesia or treatment of acute CNS infections?

Which route of drug administration is appropriate for drugs that are inactivated by the gastrointestinal tract?

Which route of drug administration involves applying drugs to the mucous membranes for their local effects?

Which type of drug absorption is the most common due to its large surface area and alkaline pH?

What is the term for drugs mixed with a substance that melts at body temperature for rectal, urethral, or vaginal administration?

Which type of drug administration involves absorption through mucosal membranes beneath the tongue or between the gums and cheeks?

What type of drug formulation are designed to dissolve only in the less-acidic portions of the intestines?

Where can drug absorption be delayed by food or take place more quickly in gastric lavage or induced vomiting?

Which route of drug administration involves drugs absorbed through the skin using a patch or bandage system?

What type of transport uses carriers to transport molecules along concentration gradients and is not energy-dependent?

Which aspect of pharmacokinetics involves the process of optimizing drug therapy?

What is the primary mechanism involved in Aqueous Diffusion in pharmacokinetics?

In which division of pharmacology is the influence of genetic variation on drug responses in patients studied?

What is the term for drugs mixed with a substance that melts at body temperature for rectal, urethral, or vaginal administration?

Which route of drug administration provides continuous absorption and systemic effects over many hours?

Which division of pharmacology involves the influence of genetic variation on drug responses in patients?

What type of drug formulation are designed to dissolve only in the less-acidic portions of the intestines?

Which type of drug administration involves inhalation and rapid absorption through the pulmonary epithelium and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract?

What is the term for drugs mixed with a substance that melts at body temperature for rectal, urethral, or vaginal administration?

Which route of drug administration bypasses hepatic first-pass metabolism?

Which type of transport uses carriers to transport molecules along concentration gradients and is not energy-dependent?

What is the primary concern of toxicology?

Where can drug absorption be delayed by food or take place more quickly in gastric lavage or induced vomiting?

What is the process called when a drug uniquely interacts with specific target molecules in the body?

Which route of drug administration involves applying drugs to the mucous membranes for their local effects?

What are the three names given to drugs?

What is the primary purpose of the 'Food, Drug, Cosmetic Act' passed in 1938?

Which route of drug administration bypasses hepatic first-pass metabolism?

What is the primary concern of toxicology?

Which type of drug absorption is the most common due to its large surface area and alkaline pH?

What does pharmacodynamics focus on?

Which type of drug formulation is designed to dissolve only in the less-acidic portions of the intestines?

What is NOT involved in optimizing drug therapy?

'Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act' regulates which aspect of drugs?

Which route of drug administration bypasses hepatic first-pass metabolism?

What type of drug formulation is designed to dissolve only in the less-acidic portions of the intestines?

Which route of drug administration involves applying drugs to the mucous membranes for their local effects?

What is the primary concern of toxicology?

Which route of drug administration provides continuous absorption and systemic effects over many hours?

What type of transport uses carriers to transport molecules along concentration gradients and is not energy-dependent?

Which route of drug administration involves absorption through mucosal membranes beneath the tongue or between the gums and cheeks?

Where can drug absorption be delayed by food or take place more quickly in gastric lavage or induced vomiting?

What is the most suitable route of drug administration for a patient who is unconscious?

What type of drug absorption is the most common due to its large surface area and alkaline pH?

Which route of drug administration involves drugs absorbed through the skin using a patch or bandage system?

Study Notes

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