Drought in Pakistan: Causes and Impacts
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Questions and Answers

According to Germanwatch, Pakistan is the seventh most susceptible nation to climate change.

True (A)

What is the main reason for Agricultural droughts occurrence?

Soil water deficiency

What type of climate does Pakistan have?

Continental

What percentage of the population's income is related to agriculture in Pakistan?

<p>Over 70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two wet monsoon seasons in Pakistan?

<p>Western disturbance (December-March) and the Indian monsoon (July-September)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Climate change in Pakistan causes a temperature rise, a reduction in ______ in the arid areas, and increases in the monsoon regions.

<p>precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five major classes identified by Javid et al. (2019) to categorise drought?

<p>Temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drought in Pakistan can impact human life, wildlife, and plants, but not necessarily the economy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drought classification is caused by a shortage of soil water?

<p>Agricultural drought (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drought is a global risk to food security, and it is expected to become more severe due to climate change.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the index used by Germanwatch to assess a country's vulnerability to climate change?

<p>This assessment used to assess a country's vulnerability to climate change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region in Pakistan experiences droughts and floods most frequently?

<p>The south of Punjab and Sindh</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the index used by researchers to monitor drought in hot and arid areas of Pakistan?

<p>The Soil Moisture Deficit Index (SMDI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The researchers concluded that the primary reason for drought in Sindh is a lack of rainfall and extreme destruction due to the negligence of the government.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Remote sensing data is helpful in identifying drought-prone regions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four classifications of drought based on different drought indices?

<p>Mild, Moderate, Extreme, and Severe drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

Time series analysis is not a technique that can help monitor drought conditions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Machine Learning techniques can improve drought forecast and management strategies.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the chapter in the dissertation that provides a comprehensive overview of drought monitoring and prediction research, including ML models and remote sensing data?

<p>Chapter 2: Review of Literature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chapter in the dissertation focuses on understanding how the Google Earth Engine (GEE) can be used to analyze spatial drought events and perform time series analysis of drought indices?

<p>Chapter 3: Monitoring Spatial Drought Events and Time Series Analysis Using Google Earth Engine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chapter of the dissertation discusses the various Machine Learning models used for drought prediction and their development?

<p>Chapter 4: Machine Learning Modelling for Drought Prediction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chapter of the dissertation provides a discussion on the implications of the research findings for food security in Pakistan?

<p>Chapter 5: Discussion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chapter of the dissertation summarizes the main outcomes and contributions of the research?

<p>Chapter 6: Conclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the region in Pakistan where the authors obtained data by taking the views of local people to assess the impact of drought?

<p>Thar</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the model used by the authors to predict drought episodes in Pakistan based on a combination of ground-based data and remote sensing data?

<p>Comm-ELM model</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Drought

A prolonged period of abnormally low precipitation, resulting in water shortages and impacting ecosystems and human activities.

Climate Change

The long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns.

Meteorological Drought

A drought caused by low rainfall and high temperatures.

Agricultural Drought

A drought where soil moisture levels are insufficient for crop growth and reproduction.

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Hydrological Drought

A drought where surface water sources (rivers, lakes, reservoirs) decrease.

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Socioeconomic Drought

Drought leading to an imbalance in water supply and demand, affecting the economy.

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Machine Learning (ML)

A field of computer science that allows computers to learn from data without being explicitly programmed.

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Deep Belief Networks (DBNs)

A type of artificial neural network used to predict short-term droughts.

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Soil Moisture Deficit Index (SMDI)

An index used to assess agricultural drought by measuring the difference between current and average soil moisture.

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Support Vector Machine (SVM)

A supervised machine learning model used for classification and regression tasks, often used in drought prediction.

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Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)

A type of AI mimicking the human brain to analyze data, useful in drought prediction.

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k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)

A supervised machine learning algorithm used based on closeness to classify drought predictions.

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Pakistan's Climate

Pakistan's climate is continental, with variations due to topography and altitude.

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Pakistan's Monsoon Seasons

Pakistan has two monsoon seasons: Western Disturbance (Dec-Mar) and Indian Monsoon (Jul-Sep).

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Drought-Prone Regions of Pakistan

Sindh, Baluchistan, and Southern Punjab are identified as drought-prone areas.

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Rainfall Deficiency

Precipitation/Rainfall is less than the typical/normal average.

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Pakistan's Agricultural Importance

Agriculture contributes significantly to the economy of Pakistan.

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VCI

Vegetation Condition Index: measures vegetation health.

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TCI

Temperature Condition Index: measures temperature.

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VHI

Vegetation Health Index: Measures vegetative health.

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Time Series Analysis

Analysis of data over a period of time to identify long-term trends and variations.

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Spatiotemporal Drought Patterns

Patterns of drought over time and space.

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Drought Prediction Models

Models used to estimate the probability of future droughts.

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Google Earth Engine (GEE)

Cloud platform for analysing remote sensing data.

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Remotely Sensed Data

Data collected from a distance, such as satellite imagery.

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Study Notes

Drought Background

  • Drought is a natural hazard, increasingly influenced by climate change
  • Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns are significant causes
  • Drought impacts health and global well-being, regional, local, and global levels
  • Four types of drought: hydrologic, agricultural, meteorological, and socioeconomic.
  • Soil moisture deficiency is a major cause of agricultural droughts
  • Machine Learning (ML) can predict drought
  • Early warning and hazard alleviation are crucial for economic and social development

Study Area (Pakistan)

  • Located in South Asia, with diverse topography and climate variations
  • Situated between latitudes 23°30' N–37°30′ N and longitudes 61°E–78°E
  • Characterized by four distinct seasons: winter, spring, summer, and autumn
  • Western and Indian monsoons influence precipitation, with significant variations across the country
  • Mean monthly temperature and precipitation data (1991-2022) show seasonal fluctuations.
  • Agriculture is a major economic sector in Pakistan.
  • Drought is a major recurring hazard, impacting people's lives and livelihoods

Drought in Pakistan

  • Pakistan is highly susceptible to climate change and drought
  • Causes include a temperature rise, reduction in precipitation in arid areas, increases in monsoon regions and accelerated glacial melt
  • Drought and floods are common in certain regions but are closely tied to the weather patterns.
  • Remote sensing and meteorological data are used for drought monitoring and prediction

Drought Monitoring and Prediction

  • Historical data sets for climate characteristics (precipitation, snow cover, relative humidity) are analyzed, along with satellite indicators, to predict drought
  • Machine Learning (ML) techniques are used for efficient drought prediction.
  • Using Remote Sensing and ML techniques are key to better predict drought
  • Existing Drought Indices, like SPEI and RDI, are valuable for drought assessment

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Description

Explore the phenomenon of drought in Pakistan, its causes influenced by climate change, and its impact on health and well-being. This quiz covers the types of drought, the role of soil moisture in agriculture, and the use of machine learning in drought prediction. Understand the significance of early warning systems for effective hazard management.

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