Driver Fatigue and Mental Health
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Questions and Answers

What are the two primary events that make up eye movements?

  • Fixations and saccades (correct)
  • Scanning and tracking
  • Gaze and blinks
  • Staring and darting

    • According to Lee (2008), why do collisions occur for drivers?

  • Drivers experience visual impairments
  • Drivers lack sufficient cognitive abilities
  • Drivers are distracted by external factors
  • Drivers fail to look at the right thing at the right time (correct)

    • What is the main purpose of saccades in eye movements?

  • To prevent visual distractions
  • To gather detailed visual information
  • To maintain a steady gaze on the road
  • To orient the focus of the eyes from one point of interest to another (correct)

    • What type of periods are fixations in eye movements?

    <p>Periods of relative stability, during which the eyes focus on something in the visual scene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method provides real-time insights into human visual behavior in real environments?

    <p>Eye-tracking glasses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to investigate cognitive processes related to driver visual information processing?

    <p>Customized driving simulator and EEG system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method records electrical activity in the brain by measuring voltage fluctuations of the ionic current within neurons?

    <p>EEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is a way of depicting changes in deoxyhemoglobin concentration consequent to task-induced or spontaneous modulation of neural metabolism?

    <p>fMRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study of 19–76-year-olds driving in real environments find regarding driver age and number of detected roadside elements?

    <p>No connection between driver age and number of detected roadside elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool was used to verify the effectiveness of eye-tracking metrics in indicating driver mental workload in semi-autonomous driving?

    <p>Customized driving simulator and EEG system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study compare in terms of cognitive responses?

    <p>Fixations on billboards and fixations on the vehicle dashboard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method provides deeper insight into the neuro-cognitive aspects of driver brain activity?

    <p>fMRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study find regarding the mental workload on the driver in visual and auditory multi-tasking situations?

    <p>Different semi-autonomous driving levels placed different mental workload on the driver in visual and auditory multi-tasking situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method has been utilized in numerous cognitive, clinical, and behavioral studies to understand driver's brain activity?

    <p>Both fMRI and EEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuroimaging method measures cerebral hemodynamic responses using near-infrared light?

    <p>fNIRS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuroimaging method records small magnetic fields in the brain and does not emit radiation or magnetic fields?

    <p>MEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuroimaging methods are mobile and non-invasive?

    <p>fNIRS and EEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuroimaging methods offer high spatial resolution but are expensive due to specialty facilities and equipment?

    <p>fMRI and MEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which driver support system is mentioned as increasing automation and shifting the driver's role?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do partly automated vehicles have on driver state and mental workload?

    <p>Negative impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can increased number of driver support systems lead to?

    <p>Increased mental workload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do driver support systems and partly self-driving vehicles impact task demand?

    <p>Increase task demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should every level of automation be designed to respect?

    <p>Optimal performance window for drivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain imaging methods can assist in understanding driving behavior related to drowsy driving, distracted driving, and drivers with brain damage/lesions?

    <p>fNIRS and EEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuroimaging method is portable but relatively uncomfortable?

    <p>fNIRS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuroimaging method has high temporal resolution?

    <p>EEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can cause fatigue?

    <p>Sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm disruptions, chronic sleep disorders, long and monotonous drives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a circadian rhythm?

    <p>An internal process regulating the sleep-wake cycle, repeating roughly every 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is more susceptible to fatigue?

    <p>Professional drivers, those with varying shift patterns, individuals working long hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is fatigue diagnosed?

    <p>Post-crash, pre-crash, or in a lab setting involving eye closure percentage, ocular parameters, heart rate variability, and neurological parameters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which countries does fatigue-related legislation exist?

    <p>UK and Australia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the considerations for engineering solutions for road safety?

    <p>Driver visual attention, brain activity, mental workload, fatigue, and mental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problems does ADHD involve in adults?

    <p>Concentration and impulse control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative risk of accidents for drivers with ADHD?

    <p>1.23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a meta-analysis debunk regarding ADHD drivers and accidents?

    <p>The long-standing belief that ADHD drivers have a fourfold risk of accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a study associate with multiple collisions?

    <p>Drivers with ADHD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did depression link to following a collision?

    <p>Self-reported injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did ADHD symptoms predict in terms of crash risk?

    <p>A 5% increased crash risk per increase in symptom severity score</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure is sensitive to factors like alcohol use and fatigue in driving performance?

    <p>Performance measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one legal proxy for fatigue in the context of driving?

    <p>Number of hours driven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a concept broader than sleepiness and difficult to detect without invasive measures?

    <p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalence in impairment to a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1% in terms of hours awake?

    <p>24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is attractive for indicating mental workload or driver state but may require more advanced equipment?

    <p>Psychophysiological measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the leading causes of crashes worldwide, impairing cognitive and physical performance?

    <p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure may not always be accurate due to timing and memory decay?

    <p>Self-reports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Maggie’s law' in New Jersey facilitate the prosecution of?

    <p>Fatigued drivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable attempt to address challenges in enforcement and prosecution related to driver fatigue?

    <p>Maggie’s law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reportedly difficult to detect without invasive measures like EEG or pupillometry?

    <p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflects factors such as lateral and longitudinal control, heart rate variability, and EEG activity in assessing driver mental workload and state?

    <p>Performance measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a scientific evidence that sleep deprivation has measurable effects on driver competence?

    <p>Maggie’s law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Understanding Driver Fatigue and Related Conditions

    • Fatigue can be caused by various factors such as sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm disruptions, chronic sleep disorders, long and monotonous drives, medication, drugs, and shift schedules.
    • A circadian rhythm is an internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle, repeating roughly every 24 hours, observed in animals, plants, fungi, and cyanobacteria.
    • Certain groups, such as professional drivers, those with varying shift patterns, and individuals working long hours, are more susceptible to fatigue.
    • Diagnosis of fatigue can be post-crash, pre-crash, or in a lab setting involving eye closure percentage, ocular parameters, heart rate variability, and neurological parameters.
    • Fatigue-related legislation exists in some countries like the UK and Australia, involving the installation of equipment for recording vehicle use.
    • Engineering solutions for road safety include considerations of driver visual attention, brain activity, mental workload, fatigue, and mental health.
    • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) involves problems with concentration and impulse control in adults, with three sub-groups: predominantly hyperactive, predominantly with attention problems, and both symptoms.
    • Drivers with ADHD have a higher risk of accidents, with a relative risk of 1.23, similar to drivers with cardiovascular diseases, and may also have comorbid conditions like Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder.
    • A meta-analysis debunked the long-standing belief that ADHD drivers have a fourfold risk of accidents, attributing the risk to comorbid conditions rather than ADHD itself.
    • In a study, drivers with ADHD were associated with multiple collisions, while depression was linked to self-reported injury following a collision.
    • ADHD symptoms were found to predict a 5% increased crash risk per increase in symptom severity score, corresponding to approximately 1 biennial crash and 1 annual near-crash per driver with ADHD.
    • Crash and near-crash risks were also assessed in drivers with ADHD and depression, with ADHD symptoms showing an increased crash risk.

    Driver Mental Workload and Fatigue

    • There are three types of measures for indicating mental workload and driver state: performance, self-reporting, and psychophysiology.
    • Lateral and longitudinal control reflect primary task performance in driving, with SDLP being sensitive to factors like alcohol use and fatigue.
    • Self-reports, such as the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, are useful for assessing driver state, but may not always be accurate due to timing and memory decay.
    • Psychophysiological measures, like heart rate variability and EEG, are attractive indicators of mental workload or driver state, with some requiring more advanced equipment than others.
    • Fatigue impairs cognitive and physical performance, and is reportedly one of the leading causes of crashes worldwide.
    • Fatigue is a concept broader than sleepiness, and its physical manifestations are difficult to detect without invasive measures like EEG or pupillometry.
    • One legal proxy for fatigue is the number of hours driven, but it is difficult to enforce in road transport and prove the link between lack of sleep and performance impairment.
    • "Maggie’s law" in New Jersey facilitates the prosecution of fatigued drivers involved in crashes, based on scientific evidence that sleep deprivation has measurable effects on driver competence.
    • Research has shown that being awake for 18 hours produces impairment equivalent to a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.05%, and at 24 hours, the equivalence is around 0.1%.
    • The comparative effects of alcohol and prolonged wakefulness on driving performance show impairment levels equivalent to specific BAC levels at different test times.
    • Driver mental workload and state can be assessed through performance, self-reports, and psychophysiological measures, reflecting factors such as lateral and longitudinal control, heart rate variability, and EEG activity.
    • Fatigue impairs driving ability and is difficult to detect without invasive measures, leading to challenges in enforcement and prosecution, with "Maggie’s law" being a notable attempt to address this issue.

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    Week 4 Lecture: Neuroscience of Road Safety PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of driver fatigue and related conditions with this quiz. Explore factors contributing to fatigue, the impact of ADHD and depression on driving risk, and measures for assessing mental workload and driver state. Learn about legislation and engineering solutions for road safety and the challenges in enforcing fatigue-related laws.

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