Questions and Answers
What are the primary activities involved in Drilling and Completion (D&C)?
What is the average time for the Exploration phase in the e&p business cycle?
5 - 6 years
What is a Christmas Tree in the context of well drilling?
Main components of a well
The Development phase in the e&p business cycle takes on average 20 to 30 years.
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Which of the following are types of well objectives?
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The two-way continuous optimisation happens between ______ and ______.
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What plays an important role in the well completion process?
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Drilling Safety Packages are a critical component of technological innovation in drilling.
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What does the 'Pore Gradient' refer to in a well design?
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Match the following drilling techniques with their characteristics:
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What is the definition of Unplanned Operations?
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What is Non Productive Time (NPT)?
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NPT cannot occur during Unplanned Operations.
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What does a kick refer to in drilling?
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Which factors could potentially generate a kick? (Select all that apply)
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What are the recovery actions in case of Mud Losses?
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What are common causes of Stuck Pipe? (Select all that apply)
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The pressure exerted by drilling fluid density is affected by _____.
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What is a turnkey contract?
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What type of contracts are based on a daily rate?
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Which of the following is a type of well completion typology?
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An X-mas tree can be classified as dual completion.
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What is TR-SCSSV?
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The main functions of the ______ system are to sustain the drill string, allow to run in hole (RIH) and pull out of hole (POOH), and provide weight on the bit (WOB) during the drilling operations.
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What class of draw works has a horsepower of 1000?
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What is the primary objective of well barriers?
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Which of the following parameters is NOT typically monitored during drilling operations?
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What does NPT stand for in drilling operations?
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The rotation system provides torque and rotation to the drilling string.
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Match the following drilling rig classifications with their descriptions:
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What does e-wiseTM stand for?
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What are the three main root causes for blowout risk according to e-wiseTM?
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The Electro Hydraulic Casing Valve Control Line Less is able to isolate the reservoir from the surface.
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What is RFID used for in the Electro Hydraulic Casing Valve?
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What benefit does the Downhole Isolation Packer (DHIP) provide?
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The New Wellhead Safety Valve (NWSV) is an independent safety barrier.
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The benefits of the casing valve include establishing a ______.
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What is the size available for the Downhole Isolation Packer?
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What methods is the Electro Hydraulic Casing Valve compatible with?
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What is used to actuate the New Wellhead Safety Valve?
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What is the total time and cost for the exploration well drilled in 2022?
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What is the rig's rate mentioned in the document?
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Which services are included in the technical services for drilling?
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What type of initiatives does Eni's technology innovation portfolio cover?
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Intellectual property includes only patents.
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What does the term TRL refer to?
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What is a Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA) intended for?
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Eni's drilling and completion optimization activities are distinguished by strong efforts in __________.
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What does the Safety Package in the O&G industry focus on?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Drilling and Completion (D&C)
- D&C activities are critical in the upstream oil and gas process, including exploration, development, and production phases.
- Exploration typically lasts 5–6 years, development lasts 3–6 years, and production continues for 20–30 years.
Well Drilling and Completion Overview
- Well construction involves multiple stages: exploration, reservoir engineering, and production.
- Key components of a drilling operation include well location, logistics, and well services.
- Advanced techniques include well completion for hydrocarbon production and the use of artificial lift.
Environment of Well Operations
- Drilling takes place in various environments, including remote locations, deserts, offshore, deepwater, and arctic regions.
- Significant countries involved in drilling operations: Nigeria, Libya, Egypt, and Alaska among others.
Well Design and Engineering Process
- Well design incorporates seismic data interpretation and lithological analysis to determine casing profile and mud density.
- Proper casing and mud program are critical for operational success, influenced by pore pressure and anticipated well problems.
Well Completion Techniques
- Well completion involves setting production tubing to facilitate hydrocarbon flow, with various completion types (open hole, cased hole, dual, intelligent).
- Equipment includes packers, chemical injection mandrels, and monitoring systems.
Drilling Rig Overview
- Main systems in a drilling rig: hoisting and rotation, surface well control, and mud circulation.
- Essential rig components include the crown block, mast, traveling block, mud pumps, and shale shakers.
Mud and Drilling Fluids
- Drilling mud serves multiple functions: maintaining pressure, supporting the wellbore, transporting cuttings, and lubricating downhole equipment.
- Mud density must be adjusted based on pore and fracture gradients to mitigate risks such as blowouts or borehole collapse.
Drilling Process and Techniques
- Successful drilling necessitates weight on bit, rotation of the drill string, and mud circulation.
- Various drilling profiles include vertical, slant, and horizontal wells, each suited to specific geological targets.
Technology Innovation in Drilling
- Emphasizes the importance of technological innovation and intellectual property agreements in enhancing drilling safety and efficiency.
- Focus on continuously improving drilling operations through innovation processes and safety packages.
Challenges and Solutions in Drilling
- Common well drilling problems include formation fluid influx, pressure imbalances, and equipment malfunctions.
- Good practices involve careful planning of well programs, monitoring drilling parameters, and contingency strategies for unexpected challenges.### Hoisting System
- Sustains the drill string and enables running in hole (RIH) and pulling out of hole (POOH).
- Provides weight on bit (WOB) essential for drilling operations.
Rotation System
- Comprises rotary table and top drive systems.
- Delivers torque and rotation to the drill string to facilitate drilling.
- Supports and suspends the drill string and materials during tubular connections.
Drilling String Components
- Includes drill pipes, jars, and various drilling bits such as natural diamond, tricone, and PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact).
- Also consists of stabilizers and drill collars, contributing to overall drilling efficiency.
Mud Circulation System
- Maintains necessary pressure and flow for effective mud circulation.
- Responsible for mixing new drilling mud and ensuring its physical and rheological properties.
- Contains drilling mud within a closed system and separates cuttings and gas before reinjection.
Power Generation System
- Essential components include power generators, top drives, drawworks, and mud pumps, all critical for drilling activities.
Surface Well Control System
- Employs an annular preventer and blowout preventer (BOP) to prevent uncontrolled flow during influx events.
- Closes and seals on drill pipe and open hole, ensuring well control operations.
Well Barriers
- Aim to maintain control of formation fluids, using primary and secondary well barriers.
- Requires at least two independent well barriers at all times to uphold safety and integrity (Two Barriers Policy).
Drilling Rig Classification by Location
- Various types include land rigs, platform rigs, jack-up rigs, semi-submersibles, and drilling ships, suited for different water depths ranging from shallow to deep waters.
Drilling Rig Classification by Hoisting Capacity
- Rigs are categorized by classes I to V based on draw works horsepower (700 to 3000 hp) and maximum depth capabilities (up to more than 5500 m).
Control During Drilling Operations
- Drilling parameters are monitored in real-time using surface and downhole instrumentation to ensure operational efficiency and safety.
Data Transmission System
- Utilizes telemetry technology to provide real-time data from downhole tools, with varying transmission rates and maximum depths based on technology used.
Drilling Problems
- Key issues include formation fluid influx (kick), mud losses, and stuck pipe situations that can halt operations and pose risks.
- Effective management is crucial to prevent escalation impacting safety, environment, and asset integrity.
Time Coding Definitions
- Operations are classified into planned and unplanned categories, with specific codes for Non-Productive Time (NPT) to monitor efficiency and downtime.
Fluid Influx (Kick)
- Defined as the entry of formation fluid into the wellbore due to insufficient pressure from the drilling fluid column.
- Factors influencing kicks include incorrect mud density and equipment failure.
Kick Control Techniques
- Use heavy mud and establish slow circulation through choke valves to maintain well pressure and safely circulate out the influx.
Mud Losses
- Classified into partial and total losses, potentially leading to serious well control issues.
- Causes include high porosity formations and exceeds in mud hydrostatic pressure.
Recovery Actions for Mud Losses
- Solutions involve using lost circulation materials, cement plugs for total losses, or switching to advanced drilling methods when necessary.
Stuck Pipe
- Main causes include differential pressure sticking, borehole collapse from improper mud density, and unfavorable hole geometry.
Recovery Actions for Stuck Pipe
- Mechanical interventions using tools like jars and bumpers, lubricants, or acids for specific formations may be necessary.
- If unsuccessful, methods such as determining free point or back-off approaches can be employed.### Fishing and Critical Decisions
- Techniques such as BHA fishing or side tracking are utilized for recovering drill strings.
- Important considerations include the duration of unsuccessful retrieval efforts versus the costs related to rig rates and left equipment value.
Well Construction Overview
- Drilling and Completion (D&C) is integral to the upstream oil and gas process.
- Comprehensive understanding of well construction, rigs, equipment, and operational problems is essential.
- Contracts provide the framework for operational management and service provisions.
Well Construction Contracts
- Operator retains rights to the drilling process and asset ownership.
- Contractors execute operations under operator guidance and provide specialized services.
- Contracts formed through a tendering process define responsibilities and payments.
Material Purchase and Contracts
- Procurement includes purchasing various essential materials such as casings, well heads, and mud chemicals.
- Contracts with service companies encompass multiple operational facets, including drilling and cementing services.
Invoicing Structures in Contracts
- Contracts can be categorized as time-based with daily rates, reflecting ongoing operational costs.
- Fixed costs are common for tangible materials, while some may utilize a consignment basis.
- Bundle or integrated contracts simplify management by consolidating services under one contract.
Well Cost Breakdown Example
- An exploration well drilled in 2022 had a total cost of $50 million over 75 days.
- Rig rates average $145 per day, impacting the overall budget significantly.
- Costs encompass logistics, HSE, technical services, and materials.
Role of Technology in Drilling Innovation
- Technology is crucial for operational efficiency and safety in drilling activities.
- Eni focuses on technology development tailored to enhance drilling performance and reduce costs.
Digital Initiatives in Drilling
- Evaluation and testing of various commercial drilling digital solutions are ongoing.
- Trials encompass activities from design to operational follow-up, ensuring efficiency and safety enhancements.
R&D and Technology Development Process
- Identifies technical needs and develops solutions through rigorous R&D projects.
- High technology readiness level (TRL) projects target advancements in drilling and energy transitions.
Contractual Framework for R&D
- Framework Cooperation Agreements (FCA) enable collaboration on technological projects.
- Joint Development Agreements (JDA) specify cost-sharing and responsibilities between operators and service providers.
Intellectual Property in Drilling Technology
- Intellectual property encompasses creations such as inventions, designs, and symbols crucial for operational success.
- Patents, copyrights, and trade secrets protect technological advancements, granting rights to inventors.
Key Agreements Related to Intellectual Property
- Licensing agreements allow third parties to utilize patented technologies, often involving royalty arrangements.
- Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDA) protect sensitive information during discussions and project planning stages.
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Description
Explore the critical aspects of drilling and completion in the upstream oil and gas process. This quiz covers well construction, drilling rigs, equipment, and common problems encountered during drilling. Perfect for those in energy innovation and engineering disciplines.
