Dressing of Stone - Objectives and Stages

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of rough tooling in stone dressing?

To create a fine texture on the stone surface

To develop parallel ridges on the stone surface

To make grooves of variable width on the stone surface (correct)

To square the edges of the stone

What is punched dressing used for in stone dressing?

To develop parallel ridges on the stone surface

To make the stone surface smoother

To create a fine texture on the stone surface

To develop vertical or horizontal grooves on the stone surface (correct)

What is the result of close picked and fine tooling in stone dressing?

A surface with parallel ridges

A fine-textured and appealing stone surface (correct)

A rough stone surface

A surface with grooves of variable width

What is rock face dressing used for in stone dressing?

To give a finish with 2.5 cm surface distance on all four edges Signup and view all the answers

What is timber commonly used for?

For making doors, windows, furniture, and sports goods Signup and view all the answers

What is the innermost central part of a timber called?

Pith Signup and view all the answers

What is the layer surrounding the pith in a timber called?

Heart wood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of sizing in the dressing of stones?

To reduce the size of the big blocks of stones Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of planing in the dressing of stones?

To clear off all the irregularities from the surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the last stage in the dressing of stones?

Polishing Signup and view all the answers

What type of dressing is used to make the edges of a stone block level?

Pitched dressing Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of hammer dressing?

To break off large raised portions of the stones Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of hammer dressing on a stone?

The stone has no sharp and irregular corners and has a comparatively even surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of chisel drafting?

To make drafts or grooves at all the four edges Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of chisel drafting on a stone?

The stone has drafts or grooves at all the four edges Signup and view all the answers

What is wood tar obtained from?

Distillation of pines and other resinous wood Signup and view all the answers

What is a use of tar?

Preserving timbers Signup and view all the answers

What is a property of tar?

It hardens quickly Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of removing mixture and carbon dioxide from limestone called?

Calcinations Signup and view all the answers

How is quick lime prepared in field slaking of lime?

By sprinkling water over it Signup and view all the answers

What type of lime is obtained by the calcination of pure limestone?

Fat lime Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the uses of slits?

To manufacture bricks Signup and view all the answers

What is a property of hydraulic lime?

It sets under water Signup and view all the answers

What is the property of clay?

It retains its shape when molded and dried Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of poor lime?

It has poor binding properties Signup and view all the answers

What type of clay has high refractoriness and contains small amounts of quartz and mica?

Refractory clay Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the uses of refractory clay?

To manufacture facing bricks Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the uses of clay?

To manufacture pavement blocks Signup and view all the answers

What type of clay has medium refractoriness?

Low melting clay Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using asphalt emulsion?

Water proofing Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of asphalt that makes it a good insulator?

It is a good insulator of electricity, heat and sound Signup and view all the answers

What is natural asphalt obtained from?

Natural sources found in lakes and rock formations Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using bamboo in construction?

As a viable alternative to steel reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of mastic asphalt?

For water proofing and damp proofing Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of asphaltic cement?

For roofing, flooring, water proofing and filler in expansion joints in concrete Signup and view all the answers

What is cutback asphalt used for?

For preparing bituminous paints Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of strong joints in bamboo construction?

To make the construction possible Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Objectives and Stages of Dressing of Stones

Various objectives of dressing stones include reducing the size of big blocks, giving a proper shape, and obtaining an appealing finish.
The different stages of dressing stones are: sizing, shaping, planing, finishing, and polishing.
Sizing involves inducing irregular blocks to desired dimensions by removing extra portions with hand hammers and chisels.
Shaping involves removing sharp projections, and many stones are used in common construction after this stage.
Planing is an advanced type of dressing that clears the stone of irregularities from the surface.
Finishing involves rubbing the surface of stones with suitable abrasive materials, and is only done for specially dressed stones.
Polishing is the last stage, done only on marbles, limestone, and granite.

Methods/Types of Dressing of Stones

Pitched dressing: only the edges of a stone block are made level with a hammer, leaving the superfluous mass on the face intact.
Hammer dressing: breaking off large raised portions, shaping the stone somewhat flat but rough, and squaring the stone blocks to enable proper joints.
Chisel drafting: making drafts or grooves with a chisel at all four edges, and removing excessive stone from the center.
Rough tooling: squaring the edges with a chisel and hammer, and developing a series of grooves over the surface of the stone.
Punched dressing: sinking vertical or horizontal grooves with a chisel, and developing parallel ridges on the stone surface.
Close picked and fine tooling: obtaining a finer surface by removing almost every projection from all sides of the stone.
Rock face dressing: giving the four edges a 2.5 cm surface distance by using chisels.

Timber

Timber refers to wood used for construction works.
Uses of timber as a construction material include:
- Making doors and windows
- Making furniture and sport goods
- Roofing material
- Making railway sleepers
- Framework and centering materials
- Construction of temporary bridges
- Engraving works
- Making small houses at places of heavy snowfall

Structure of Timber

Pith: the innermost central part of the timber
Heartwood: the strong and dark-colored part surrounded by the pith
Sapwood: the layer present next to the heartwood

Bamboo

Bamboo is used as scaffolding in high-strength and resilient construction.
The structure of bamboo includes:
- Pith: the innermost central part
- Heartwood: the strong and dark-colored part surrounded by the pith
- Sapwood: the layer present next to the heartwood

Asphalt

Asphalt is an artificial mixture of bitumen and inert matter like alumina, lime, silica, etc.
Forms of asphalt include:
- Cutback asphalt: liquid asphalt formed by mixing with volatile solvents, used for preparing bituminous paints and repairing roofs.
- Asphalt emulsion: prepared by mixing asphalt with water and an emulsifying agent, used for waterproofing purposes.
- Asphaltic cement: prepared by blowing air through melted asphalt, used for roofing, flooring, waterproofing, and filler in expansion joints in concrete.
- Mastic asphalt: produced by heating natural asphalt with sand and mineral filters, used for damp proofing and waterproofing.

Classification of Asphalt

Natural asphalt: obtained from natural sources, found in lakes and rock formations.
Residual asphalt: obtained by the fractional distillation of crude petroleum oils.

Properties of Asphalt

Waterproof and easily cleaned
Durable and tough material
Resilient and elastic in nature
Good insulator of electricity, heat, and sound
Good water resistance, with less volatile matters

Uses of Asphalt

Damp proofing
Used in roads and pavements
Used in swimming pools, tanks, and basements

Wood Tar

Obtained by the distillation of pines and other resinous wood.
Used for preserving timbers.

Properties of Tar

More adhesive
Less durable
Hardens quickly
Setting time is more
Contains high percentage of carbon

Uses of Tar

Used in road constructions
Used for preserving woods/timbers
Used for filling leakages or cracks
Used for making paints

Lime

The removal of mixture and carbon dioxide by the calcination of limestone is known as lime.

Field Slaking of Lime

Quick lime is heaped on a platform, and water is sprinkled over it till lime is slaked and reduced to powder form.
The heap is turned over and over again till no more water is added.
The slaked lime is then screened through I.S. sieve 3.35 mm.

Types of Lime

Fat lime: obtained by the calcination of pure limestone, marble, and white chalk, with high plasticity and slow setting time.
Hydraulic lime: obtained by moderate burning of raw limestone, containing small amounts of clay and iron oxide, with good binding properties.
Poor lime: obtained from limestone containing 80-85% CaO and 5% MgO with clay, silica, and iron oxide, with poor binding properties.

Uses of Lime

Used to construct bricks
Used to make mortar
Used to make concrete
Used to make artificial sedimentary rocks

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Description

Learn about the objectives of dressing stones, including reducing size, giving proper shape, and obtaining an appealing finish. Understand the different stages of dressing, including sizing and shaping.