Lab 1-5

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Questions and Answers

What does reliability refer to in the context of psychological measurements?

The strength of the conclusion drawn from the results

The boundaries and limits of test validity

The consistency and repeatability of a measure (correct)

The validity of the test for the intended population

Which of the following describes one of the three fundamental psychological needs?

Adaptability, which is the ability to change behavior based on feedback

Assurance, which involves gaining confidence from others

Independence, the state of being self-sufficient without support

Competence, referring to feeling effective in interactions with the environment (correct)

What is a key component that contributes to achieving a state of flow?

Distraction from irrelevant stimuli

High levels of external validation

Complex tasks that offer no challenge

Clear goals accompanied by feedback (correct)

What key outcome is associated with the experience of flow?

Heightened concentration and loss of ego Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'validity' in psychological research?

The accuracy of the conclusions drawn from tests and measures Signup and view all the answers

What best defines the process of magazine training?

Turning a food delivery signal into a secondary reinforcer. Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the reappearance of a behavior after it has been extinguished?

Spontaneous Recovery Signup and view all the answers

What is the independent variable in Sniffy’s bar pressing experiment?

The conditions before and after training procedures. Signup and view all the answers

How does acquisition occur in classical conditioning?

When the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented together. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term extinction in the context of behavior?

The elimination of a conditioned response by withholding rewards. Signup and view all the answers

What is highlighted as a potential consequence of pulling all-nighters on the brain?

Affects the brain for up to four days Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended practice for maintaining an effective study environment?

Setting up a designated and dedicated spot Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered effective for learning according to the content?

Flashcards Signup and view all the answers

What is identified as an ideal approach for each learning session?

Creating a specific goal for each session Signup and view all the answers

According to positive psychology, what should be equally emphasized?

Building strengths alongside addressing weaknesses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the eight steps to happiness and life satisfaction?

Avoid Human Connections Signup and view all the answers

Which item is included in the Satisfaction with Life Scale?

In most ways, my life is close to my ideal Signup and view all the answers

What common student misconception relates to using rhythmic music for studying?

Learning with rhythmic music is harmful Signup and view all the answers

What is Divergent Thinking primarily concerned with?

Thinking outside the box to generate multiple ideas Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Satisficing in decision-making?

Settling for a good enough option without extensive deliberation Signup and view all the answers

What does the Incomplete Figure Task assess in a creativity test?

Originality and detail in visual creativity Signup and view all the answers

What does the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve illustrate about memory retention?

Memory retention declines sharply in the first few days after learning Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is a component of creativity as defined in the content?

Usefulness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding Recall versus Recognition?

Recognition tends to produce higher retention rates than recall Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the Alternative Uses Test in creativity assessments?

To measure the number of uses generated for an object Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by latent inhibition in the context of creativity?

The capacity to filter out irrelevant information Signup and view all the answers

What does the Social Readjustment Scale measure?

Stressors in the last 6 months Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the relaxation response is correct?

It helps in reducing stress-related gene activities. Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of happiness is attributed to set point according to Sonja Lyubomirsky?

50% Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the experiment, what is the dependent variable (DV)?

Speed and accuracy Signup and view all the answers

What is transduction in the context of psychophysics?

The transformation of external stimuli into neural signals Signup and view all the answers

According to the hypothesis presented, which outcome is expected post-meditation?

Easier answering of easier questions Signup and view all the answers

What major aspect contributes 40% to happiness according to Lyubomirsky's model?

Intentional activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Social Readjustment Scale?

To evaluate the psychological impact of stressors Signup and view all the answers

What is the absolute threshold in sensory perception?

The minimum level of stimulus intensity required to detect it 50% of the time. Signup and view all the answers

According to Weber's law, how does the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) relate to the initial stimulus size?

It is proportional to the size of the initial stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What does Signal Detection Theory propose about perception?

Perception is influenced by both sensory processes and decision-making biases. Signup and view all the answers

What role does Perceptual Set Theory play in perception?

It indicates that perception can be influenced by expectations and context. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes optical illusions?

They are distortions that reveal discrepancies between visual appearance and reality. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Muller-Lyer illusion, what is hypothesized about the comparator line lengths?

Closer comparator lines make it harder to determine which is longer. Signup and view all the answers

What does psychophysical scaling, specifically Fechner's Law, imply?

Perceptual experience grows proportionally with increasing JNDs above the absolute threshold. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following experimental variables represents the factor being manipulated in the study of line perception?

Comparator line lengths. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lab 1: Terms and Concepts

Validity: The strength of a conclusion, often measured by consistency.
Reliability: Consistency of a measurement, or whether it can be repeated.
Test Generalizability: The boundaries of a test's validity, often confined to a specific population.
Three Fundamental Psychological Needs: Competence, Autonomy, and Relatedness.
Competence: Feeling effective in interactions within one's environment. Achieved by appropriate tasks, challenges, and outcomes.
Autonomy: Having control and choices, making decisions and taking responsibility.
Relatedness: Feeling connected to others, with a sense of care and belonging.
Flow: A feeling of exhilaration coming from a well-suited and engaging task. Characterized by concentration, ego suspension and heightened awareness.
Correlation vs. Causation: Distinguish between two variables that are related and those that are dependent. Key points are leaning left (negative), right (positive), and thinner ovals denoting stronger correlations.

Lab 1: Experiment

IV (Independent Variable): Feedback (factors affecting feedback).
DV (Dependent Variable): Speed and accuracy in a task.
CV (Controlled Variable): Number of trials for all subjects (consistent).
Task 1: Validating a new measure of self-esteem by correlating it with a well-established measure.
Approach 1 (Validation using new survey): Testing the new measure on a sample, validating through a therapist, then correlating both surveys.
Approach 2 (Validation using existing survey): Administering the new survey and an established survey to everyone, calculating the correlation, ideally above 0.8 or -0.8. Ensuring each question in the new survey measures the same quality.
Split-Half Correlation: Assessing the reliability of a test by dividing it into two halves and determining the correlation.

Lab 2: Terms and Concepts

Creativity: A combination of uniqueness and usefulness, often a process of discovery.
Divergent Thinking: Outside-the-box thinking.
Convergent Thinking: Thinking that follows a straightforward path, using conventional patterns to get a single solution.
Alternative Uses Test: A test that evaluates divergent thinking by asking how many different uses a certain thing can have.
Remote Associates Test (RAT): A test in which participants find a connection between three unrelated words.
Maximizing: Seeking the best possible choice, often through a lengthy search.
Satisficing: Choosing a satisfactory option when a perfect choice is time-consuming or elusive.
Latent Inhibition: The ability to block out non-essential information and stimuli.

Lab 2: Experiment

IV (Independent Variable): Feedback, Difficulty of task given.
DV (Dependent Variable): Speed (reaction time) and accuracy of task completion.
CV (Controlled Variable): Number of trials; all subjects having constant multiple trials across the experiment, random order viewing.

Lab 3: Terms and Concepts

Positive Psychology: A field focused on strengths, life fulfillment, and well-being, alongside conventional psychology.
Social Readjustment Scale: A list of common life events that gauge the stress of certain life transitions.
Relaxation Response: A relaxation technique that lowers the body's stress response.
Happiness (Sonja Lyubomirsky): 50% set point (biology), 40% intentional activity, and 10% circumstances.
Psychophysics: The study of how physical stimuli translate into experience.
Sensation: Stimulation of sensory organs.
Transduction: Conversion of external stimuli into electrical signals (neurons).
Perception: How we interpret select, organize, and interpret sensory input.
Absolute Threshold: The point at which a stimulus is detected 50% of the time
Weber's Law: Stimulus intensity and noticeable difference.

Lab 3: Experiment

IV (Independent Variable): Meditation, difficulty of task.
DV (Dependent Variable): Speed (reaction time) and accuracy.
CV (Controlled Variable): Consistent trials for all, random order viewing.

Lab 4: Terms and Concepts

Illusions: A distortion of sensory perception, revealing how the brain organizes sensory input.
Perceptual Set Theory: Perception influenced by expectations and prior experiences.
Signal Detection Theory: Sensory processes and decision processes involved in perception.

Lab 4: Experiment

IV (Independent Variable): Physical size of lines
DV (Dependent Variable): Probability of choosing the longer line, time to choose (reaction).
CV (Controlled Variable): Size of reference lines, progression and random error to ensure consistency.

Lab 5: Terms and Concepts

Magazine Training: Turning stimuli into secondary reinforcers in order to condition a response.
Cumulative Record: Tracking responses on a printer style device to record and analyze the pattern, and learning behaviours.
Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance of a response after an extinction period.

Lab 5: Experiment

IV (Independent Variable): Shaping procedures.
DV (Dependent Variable): Frequency of bar pressing or other behaviours.
CV (Controlled Variable): Consistent hungry animal, every response rewards behaviour.

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