Doppler Ultrasound Principles and Artifacts

<p>Excessive color gain; reduce color gain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Switch to continuous-wave (CW) Doppler to change the velocity scale and frequency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pressure gradient at the narrowing of a vessel. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Side lobe artifact with color (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A dome-shaped region with high velocities indicated by color aliasing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$&gt;10$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LV D-shaped only in diastole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Old MI affecting LV systolic function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spontaneous contrast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SV x HR (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shifting the baseline in the direction of the jet. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When blue (lower velocity) transitions to red (higher velocity). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequency and penetration are inversely related; as frequency increases, penetration decreases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longitudinal and mechanical (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Propagation speed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$0.2 \text{ microseconds}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regions of lower particle density and pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PRP and PRF are inversely proportional. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spatial Pulse Length (SPL) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Refraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bulging in systole with outward movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes a drop in atrial pressure by reducing venous return. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Applying a carotid massage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<blockquote> <p>45 cm/s (D)</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RVSP &gt; 70 mmHg and TR velocity &gt; 2.8 m/s (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3D Echocardiography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assesses myocardial strain; Blue indicates unhealthy tissue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlarged RV, Flattened Septum, paradoxical motion of septum in SYSTOLE. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The narrowest diameter with maximum velocity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parallel and thickened aortic leaflets with reverberation lines at valve closure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>End Systolic Volume Decreases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systolic BP &gt; 220 mmHg (men) or &gt; 190 mmHg (women) and Diastolic BP &gt; 90 mmHg. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RAP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase ultrasound transmission between the active element and skin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to distinguish two structures that are parallel to the main beam's axis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Turn on harmonic imaging. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The FR is halved. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Refraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower frequency, more divergence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mean velocities using Autocorrelation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Having velocities exceed the Nyquist limit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The time it takes for ultrasound to travel to a reflector and back to the transducer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To extract the Doppler frequency shift. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A strong reflector and longer goal return time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Appears as a cloud at the apex of the image; reduced by Tissue Harmonic Imaging (THI). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreasing the dynamic range decreases the number of shades of gray, increasing contrast. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red → Light Blue → Dark Blue in the center. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be easily eliminated by alternating the transducer's angle and position. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A creation due to vibration of a moving structure.

Composed of compressions and rarefactions.

Regions of higher pressure in density within sound waves.

Regions of lower pressure in density within sound waves.

Number of cycles occurring in a given time.

Decreases power, intensity, and amplitude of sound waves.

Time from the start to the end of a single pulse.

Percentage of time the system transmits a pulse.

Change the number of cardiac cycles, typically set to 100 mm/s for clarity.

Adjusting the Wall Filter to a lower setting helps in recording correct frequencies.

Records tissue movement; its signal strength shows amplitude and brightness.

Use Continuous Wave (CW) Doppler to resolve aliasing issues, increasing the velocity scale.

Occurs with turbulent flow; often indicates stenosis in vessels.

Artifact seen in IVC or subcostal views where colors reflect incorrectly.

Energy conservation law demonstrated in stenotic lesions affecting flow.

Mean velocity is calculated by tracing the velocity time integral (VTI) over time.

Radius used to analyze flow convergence and calculate effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA).

Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying stroke volume (SV) by heart rate (HR).

Mass conservation principle stating flow in one area must equal flow in a second area without shunts.

Shape indicating right ventricular pressure overload during systole or diastole.

A bulge at the apex of the heart where the myocardium wall is dead.

A bulge with a narrow neck, high risk of rupture and thrombus formation.

Condition where LV vigorously draws blood from LA, making E wave double that of A wave.

The change in direction of a sound wave when it strikes a boundary.

Intensity of a sound wave before it strikes the boundary.

The intensity of a sound wave that continues after hitting a boundary.

Ability to distinguish two structures parallel to the main beam's axis.

Distance from the transducer to the focal point.

Change in frequency of sound waves due to relative motion.

Occurs in PW Doppler when the frequency measured exceeds the Nyquist limit.

Layer that increases the transmission of ultrasound between the active element and skin.

Reflected sound waves that are double the fundamental frequency.

Ability to capture events in time, affecting motion perception.

Doppler shifts are represented as colors to indicate blood flow and velocity.

The spread of the sound beam across the far zone.

A partially duplicated structure caused by differing ultrasound speeds.

Poor specular reflection at 90 degrees leading to loss of lateral structures.

The detail in differentiating shades of gray in an image.

A condition where the LV cannot relax due to stiffness, reducing blood intake from the LA.

The ratio of early to late diastolic flow velocities, used to assess diastolic function.

A method that reduces venous return to the atrium, helping diagnose elevated pressures.

Impairment in the ability of the heart to relax and fill effectively.

An abnormal contraction pattern of the heart wall, often due to ischemic heart disease.

Abnormal bulging movement of the heart wall during systole.

A technique to measure the strain and function of the LV during contraction.

Changes in size and shape of the heart after damage, typically due to a heart attack.

The maximum pressure gradient between the left ventricle and the aortic valve opening.

Narrowing of the aortic valve that restricts blood flow from the heart.

A congenital abnormality with two cusps instead of three on the aortic valve.

Absence of motion of the heart wall during contraction.

Delayed contraction of the heart wall seen during stress tests.

Refers to amyloidosis affecting specific segments of the heart.

Condition marked by a D-shaped right ventricle due to excess volume.