Doo Wop Origins and Impact

Music Culture & Musicology

• Music culture is equivalent to musicology.
• Musicology is the study of music as an academic subject, separate from performance or composition training.
• A musicologist analyzes music for meaning, using theoretical knowledge and analytical principles, and examines its appeal.
• A musicologist understands how certain music and genres function.
• Ethnomusicology, music history, music theory, and systematic musicology are the four branches of music study.

Ethnomusicology

• Ethnomusicology studies music within its cultural context.
• An ethnomusicologist studies music in its cultural context.
• Ethnomusicologists approach music as a social process and explore not just what music is, but why it exists.
• Ethnomusicologists ask what music means to the audience and the practitioner.
• Ethnomusicologists try to understand the impact music has on society.

Defining Culture

• The word "culture" originates from the Latin word "cultura," meaning "to cultivate".
• The word "culture" has varied meanings, and is used interchangeably in different contexts.
• Culture can be an appreciation of taste in literature, fine arts and music, or anything considered high culture.
• Culture can refer to the interrelation and patterns of human knowledge, socialization, and beliefs/morals, depending on the influence of symbolic thought, learning and social interactions.
• Culture can refer to a collection of attitudes, behaviors, values, roles, and practices an entity creates.

Studying Culture

• Culture is learned via enculturation, shared by group members, patterned via lived and thinking styles, and collectively constructed through interaction.
• Culture is a system of symbols and meanings, and its rules can be arbitrary and internalized as habitual and natural.

Music Terminology

• Music terminology is a body of terms used with a particular technical application in a field of study.
• Music terminology includes the different sounds of music and the different elements of songs.
• Genre is a class or category of artistic endeavor having a particular form, content, or technique.
• Genre comes from the word gender, and was first used in 1770 as a French term for independent style.
• Song is a short metrical composition intended or adapted for singing, especially one in rhymed stanzas.
• Song is derived from Middle English, Old English, German, and Gothic languages, and was used commonly by 900 AD

Elements of a Song

• A bridge provides contrasting material to link repeated sections of melodic components.
• The chorus is a repeating section within a song that contains set lyrics and melody.
• Lyrics are a song's poetic text, and a hook is otherwise a memorable musical phrase or pattern.
• A refrain is the main part of a verse-refrain song, usually constructed using an AABA or ABAC format.
• Riff is a repeating melodic pattern that generates rhythmic momentum, played by multiple instruments.
• Tempo is the speed that a musical composition is performed.
• A verse is a poetic text that contains rhyming and regularly recurring metrical patterns.

Active Audience Theory

• Audiences perceive media messages differently and respond to the message in different ways.
• Stuart Hall, a cultural theorist/sociologist, created active audience theory and developed an encoding/decoding model of the relationship between media text and its audiences.
• Stuart Hall's "Encoding/Decoding Model of Communication" was developed in the 1970s as a way to promote active audience theory
• Past theorists believed that mass media messages treated audiences as passive sponges that will absorb content and accept the meaning
• Stuart Hall stressed the importance of active interpretation and the role of social positioning in interpreting media texts.

Encoding and Decoding

• Interpreting codes & positions come in three hypothetical forms.
• Preferred reading are when audiences respond in agreement way that media producers expect.
• Negotiated reading are when audiences agree with part of the product, and oppositional reading are when audiences disagree with the message.
• Some audiences are inactive and do not attribute any meaning to media.
• It is not always the case that the audiences will be able to fairly evaluate media messages when their core beliefs have already been rooted in them.

Music Terminology

• Popular music is mass-produced and disseminated music, and uses musical traditions.
• Race music contains musical styles that are greatly influenced by African Americans.
• Rock years is the time starting in the mid-1950s when when rock 'n' roll was emerging.
• Rock music includes country rock, glam rock, folk rock, art rock, southern rock, jazz rock, punk rock etc.

Music as Marketing

• Race and ethnicity are involved in shaping northern pop music.
• Record companies categorize music within different categories including race.
• Record labels group music categories stylistically for fans to use.
• Labels want people to purchase apparel relative to whatever music the fans listen to

Music Streams and Themes

• The main themes of music include listening, media usage, technology, business and identity.
• Formal listening involves identifying the structure and components of a piece of music.
• Critical listening is the search for meaning based on knowledge of how music is put together.
• Dialect is the regional use of particular sounds and timbers in music.
• Timbre is a quality of sound, which is distinct sound or a performer
• Sound of Music and Identity involves the use of music as a medium through which we formulate and express our identity.
• Sound of Gender implies that pop Music can provide images of gender identity.
• Sound of Ethnicity implies that pop Music provides notions of how act 'White' and/or 'Latino'.
• Stereotyping in Song Lyrics and Music Videos is when different groups like women are objectified in the media.
• Mass media creates distance between musicians and their audiences which cause the consumer to forget about the actual human being behind their compositions.
• Subculture around old music comes form avid collectors appreciating Old = sheet music, phonograph (vinyl), 78 and 45, Ips, cassette tapes opposed to the modern New = cds, mp3 formats of music.
• Analog is a type of continuous warmer sound, such as a Voice (bruce springsteen, louis Armstrong, snoop dogg) or Sound (jimi Hendrix, van halen, Madonna)
• Digitals is often categorized as a broken sound, sharp and often used for records (sam cooke, phil spector, david foster, mutt lange)

The Music Business

• Theorist, Theodor Adorno notes that the Illusion around music promotes individualism through tastes.
• the industry manipulates the notion of personal Taste to trick consumers for buying its products, emotional addiction to wealthy superstars.
• The historical process of the music business: composer/lyricist, which is then bought by Publishing Company, promoted by Pluggers, sold Stars and finally consumers.

The Music Business - Commerce and Culture

• Business Agents, Graphic Artists, Record Stores, Truck Drivers, Video Producers, Copy Editors, Stage Hands, T-shirt Companies, Musical Hardware and Software Companies,

• Digital recording equipment allows one person to do all of these roles in music.

• The music industry is always trying to predict the next trend.

• The music business is very unpredictable and risky.

• A small amount of the recordings will end up making a very big profit to cover the entire cost.

• A Major Label is a large company with lots of capital and power and an Indie Label = small company operating in marginal markets initially popularized blues, country music.

• Centers and peripheries are a model that is way of clarifying a process that profoundly shaped American popular music and disticint between majors and indies.

Centers:

• They exist in New York, Nashville and Los Angeles. Have control over mass media, the power and capital.
• Consist of people who are white, middle class or Prodestant.

Peripheries

• They exist anywhere where Small Institutions exist, those who are typically exclided from mainline, those who are: (AFRICAN AMERICANS, POOR SOUTHERN WHITES, WORKING CLASS, JEWISH, LATIN AMERICAN IMMIGRANTS, ADOLESCENTS, GAYS).
• To understand the PRE-HISTORY OF ROCK 'N' ROLL, everything (NOT JUST MUSIC) IN NORTH AMERICA HAS SPRUNG FROM IMPORTED TRADITIONS FROM ASIA, EUROPE, AFRICA AND NATIVE AMERICA.
• The types of Music in the are classified into 3 BROAD STREAMS OF INFLUENCE: EUROPEAN AMERICAN STRE, AFRICAN AMERICAN and LATIN AMERICAN STREAM

EUROPEAN AMERICAN STREAM

• There are cultural traits that came from the European community of music. the most popular was FOLK BALLADS, DANCE MUSIC, COUNTRY
• FOLK BALLADS were used to create PLEASURE GARDENS IN ENGLAND from (1650 – 1850), eventually creating PLEASURE GARDENS IN AMERICA (1760).
• DANCE MUSIC was fashioned from England & the continent and used for dances and COUPLES DANCING (WALTZ)
• There was also HLLILLY MUSIC, the source for 1920S RECORD COMPANIES that used folk Songs as a source.

AFRICAN AMERICAN STREAM

• 17TH – 19TH CENTURY, 2 million brought to US as to work the fields.
• These people brought new language, music and spiritual styles, including the creation of ‘BLACK' INSTITUTIONS (CHURCHES, SCHOOLS).
• The music includes: BANJO, BLUES SINGING, CALL AND RESPONSE POLYRHYTHMS, JAZZ, BASS DRUM ,REPETITION.
• As industry has seen a market for black music in early 1920s
• They used marketing phrase called, ‘RACE MUSIC" and started to create first record.
• This term is positively used by Ralph Peer, a missouri born scout and black press picked it up

LATIN AMERICAN STREAM

• America was influenced and developed a style that Blends African Music with Southern Europeans
• Music includes: CUBAN, TANGO, RUMBA, SALSA and BRAZILIAN SAMBA

Music Terminology

• Rockabilly combines country and western with black R&B and electric blues, and was popularized by Elvis.
• Tin Pan Alley refers to New York City music publishers and songwriters who dominated US 19th-20th century music.
• ASCAP, a licensing agency, stands for the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers for Majors.
• BMI is an organisation used for independents.

Early Rock 'n' Roll

• The intro of new technologies like tape recording, mainstream coverings of rhythm and blues and country, and modern marketing, were the conditions for rock.
• Introduced in the mid-1950s, rock & roll changed popular world music, is a product of pop marketing which then infiltrated N.Y., L.A., NASHVILLE, and the mainstream combo of African and European

Key Figures and Elements

• Introduced to create a target for music products.
• The audience born was dominated by those born after World War II, also known as the Baby Boomers (1946-1964).
• In Cleveland, Ohio, radio DJ Alan Freed popularized this.
• The key sounds were 1940S with big band swing, crooners and country.
• Main Record labels: RCA Victor, Columbia, Decca, Capital Records, Chess (Chicago), Aladdin (L.A), Atlantic (N.Y), Sun (Memphis).
• Record labels were not recording for teens at time.
• Some major artists: Bill Haley,Fats Domino, Bing Crosby with new innovations from Decca artists .
• Independent: Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Elvis and Johnny Cash.
• Major Capital:Frank Sinatra Dean Martin and Peggy Lee Independent: Howlin Wolf, Chuck Berry and Etta James all from Chicago artist
• As 78s are long LPs they where perfect for short 3 min song 48 are better and innovate jukebox

Recording Advances

• Tape recording made overdubbing and cover versions possible.
• Radio broadcasting was AM -> FM.

Cover Version

• is a recording that has previously been recorded by different artist.
• Rock was based off the cover versions that dominated musical forms
• Both Country and R&B created songs out of crooners.
• During the rise white artists would copy African american songs.
• In 1948 Black Singer Paula Watson released “A Little Bird Told Me” and it was a #2 R&B Chart #6 Pop chart, however when white cover act; Evelyn Knight Covered it, the song reached #1 chart.
• Once this happened, the labels got issues around stolen writing, however legally and financially; larger labels won lawsuit (law suits are often the reasons small labels die)

Major Label vs Indie Label

• Early R&B, the companies were not interested in teen audiences.
• Major recording business, Indie was used for ASCAP, race music.
• Early Rock artist came in for decca and sun artist.
• 3 min record limits where Columbia Records innovates longer song play .
• Innovations of music came and influenced music of early Rock with the power of magnetic tapes.
• Studio's start to use audio tape, rather then recordings. AM, FM start to take over.

Early Rythm and Blues

• Music came from jazz, gospel, and blues and first performed by black artists on a chart.
• Muddy Waters grew up in Clarksdale and in bought 44 electric guitar.
• In 64, the blues started to emerge and the key sound was electrification of Chicago blues. Delta blues influenced this style.
• Muddy Waters was encouraged into to blues as I just want to Make you Love, then became number 4 on the Billboard

Howlin Wolf was from Releiville and had a unique song that used guitar. He influenced muddy waters as his work then combined with chess records.

Rise of the Next Generation of Musicians

• New talent needed to emerge
• Chess discovered: Bo Diddley, Little Walter, B.B. King and Chuck Berry

Chuck Berry Story

• Berry’s career formed after he met Muddy in 1955 after being a barber and a teen growing up in Missouri,
• He was formed his R&B trio and played in bars, then after forming he wanted blues and Chess didn;t agree.
• After adding a little blues song of “ Maybelline”, he became famous with guitar.
• Roll over Beetohvon was very popular, He used music in such Billboard to #5 in the Rb chart in 1955.

Black Musicians and White Audiences

• White teens bought black albums in early 1955.
• Early R&B Musicians, like Wof and Berry set up for new generation idol
• Richard career began in Macon Later in the 50s, was signed by camdem that was a new jersy

Little Richard

• He then moved out and became a wild performance artist
• One of his big singles was tutti-frutti
• He began to wear pancake makeup and eye wear

Rockabilly

• Rockabilly was very popular in the new west world world 9150s.
• It spread unconscuous sounds from Memphis and rockabilly where a few key artists.
• Its was a blend of Blues, thoughs with racial boundries, was popular north, how some white wouldn’t allow it.

Elvis Story

• Presley grew up in Tupelo and entered the 5th grade singing contest, and Elvis at and at 1954 joined Sun Records to releases Elvis
• First sign, That’s alright to cover the same song and radio 40 telephone calls.
• The high-schoolers began to learn It sold 20,000 number 4 on memephjs but to national

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Buddy Holly began and was influences country winder, started over songs for elvis. He started Crickets and release new records and created a gold award.

Rock and Roll

• The early 40s is started to loose a lot of listeners and was influenced by djs losing listener
• By 195s they was the start and mainstream cause this
• Music industry had a few artist that got caught in the middle

Rock and Roll - Lost Soldiers

• Oct 1957 Little Richard leaves Rock ‘n’ Roll and joins the ministry
• Nov 1957 Jerry Lee Lewis marries his 13 year old cousin and promoters cancel his tour.
• March 1958 Elvis Presley joins the army for multiple years.
• After the war, many musicans have moved in Dec 1959 Chuck Berry forced from music due to 14 yr old
• Dec 59. Feb 1959 died by big bipper died with crash plane
• 1960 accident also happened

Teen Market

• At the the booming markets and the growth in capita
• Sales went to 60 mill
• The rock new new business industry The industry made 200 million in sales

Dick Clark and American Band

• Clark born in 1929 and 1951
• Started as DJ radio station and to tv
• The new music was commericially appealing American band 08 in station. It allowed 9 to make 9 for their year

Active Artist

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• In 19 6 the show twist was done on American band What new dicks

• The Twist: The song reached and allowed big artist and a song used with their sound

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• Gains wealth, interest income and band, He had ownership to all these thing and band 1968

Payola:

• Began a tradition for song use.

• Started to attack Tv stations, and Tv. ASCPA was loosing money because of the tv

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Explore the origins of doo-wop music, including influential groups and the impact of Aldon Music. Learn how socio-economic factors shaped the genre's limitations and appeal. Discuss the significance of The Shirelles' 'Will You Love Me Tomorrow' within doo-wop and the Civil Rights Movement.