Dig sys 3

• The digestive system of domestic animals and poultry includes the small and large intestine (Intestinum tenue et crassum), liver (Hepar), and pancreas (Pancreas).

Small and Large Intestine

• The small and large intestine (Intestinum tenue et crassum) is longer than the length of the body with these approximate ratios: ca x5, su x15, eq x10; and Ru x25
• The mesenterium are serosal folds suspend the intestinal tract from the roof of the abdominal cavity
• The root of the mesentery, known as Radix mesenterii, is a dorsal attachment
• The small intestine consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
• The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, beginning at the pylorus and extending to the jejunum
• The length of the duodenum varies across species: bo:90-120 cm, eq:1-1.50 m, su: 40-95 cm, ca: 20-60 cm, fe: 10 cm
• The duodenum is suspended primarily by the mesoduodenum, which is short except in dogs
• The cranial part of the duodenum is attached to the liver by the Lig. hepatoduodenale
• The duodenum is attached to the descending colon by the duodenocolic fold at the duodenojejunal flexure via the Plica duodenocolica
• The parts of the duodenum are Pars cranialis (cranial part), Flexura duodeni cranialis (cranial flexure), Ansa sigmoidea (sigmoid loop), Pars descendens (descending duodenum), Pars transversa (transverse part), Flexura duodeni caudalis (caudal flexure), Pars ascendens (ascending part), and Flexura duodenojejunalis (duodenojejunal flexure)
• The jejunum is the longest section of the small intestine, located between the duodenum and ileum, and features loops (ansa)
• The length of the jejunum varies by species: Ru: bo up to 40 m; ov;cap ↔ 30 m; eq↔ 14-22 (28) m; su → 15 m; and ca ↔ 1 m
• The jejunum is the most mobile and free part of the entire alimentary canal and features a long Mesojejunum
• The ileum is the short terminal part of the small intestine
• The Ostium ileale is the ileal orifice at the junction between the cecum and the ascending colon
• The Plica ileocecalis is a fold that attaches the antimesenterial surface of the ileum to the cecum, and is suspended by the Mesoileum

Large Intestine

• The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, and rectum, and does not contain villi intestinales
• In some species such as eq and su, the large intestine walls contain bands (teniae [taeniae]) and sacculations (haustrae)
• The cecum is a blind sac, shortest in cats and progressively longer in ca → su → Ru → eq
• The cecum is located in the abdominal cavity, on the right side in Car, Ru, and eq, but on the left in pig
• Parts of the cecum include Corpus ceci (caeci) for the body and Apex ceci (caeci) for the apex
• The cecum opens into the colon at the cecocolicum orifice and is fixed in place with the Plica ileocecalis [-caecalis]) and the Mesocecum
• The cecum in carnivores (Car) is irregularly twisted or S-shaped and 20cm long, or comma-shaped and 2-4cm long
• The cecum in carnivores is located on the right of the median plane, dorsally to the right kidney, ventrally to the ileum and jejunum, and laterally to the descending duodenum and the right lobe of the pancreas
• The cecum of ruminants (Cecum [caecum], Ru) is in the dorsal third of the right abdomen, ventral to VL 3-4
• The cecum of ruminants has an apex directed to the pelvic inlet and has a cylindrical shape and the following lengths: 30-70 cm (bo) and 25-42cm (cap, ov)
• The cecum of hose and pig has TENIAE ceci (caeci) or longitudinal muscular layers concentrated in bands, as well as HAUSTRA ceci (caeci) or wall ruffled into sacculations
• The cecum of pig (Сесит [caecum], su) begins in the left side of the abdominal cavity ventral to the caudal end of the left kidney
• The cecum of the pig has an apex pointed to caudoventral side is 25-30 cm long and has a volume of 1.5-2.2
• The cecum of a pig contains 3 Teniae ceci and 3 rows of Haustra ceci
• The cecum of a horse (Cecum [caecum], eq) extends from the right iliac and sublumbar regions to the floor of the abdomen, caudal to the xiphoid cartilage and has a length of 80-130 cm; Volume: 30 L
• :Parts of the cecum in an equidae are Basis ceci where the base → fossa paralumbalis dextr, Corpus ceci where the body → the right abdominal wall and Apex ceci where the apex → the xiphoid cartilage XIII-XVI intercostal space
• The cecum in an equidae contains eq* Plica cecocolica (caeco-) a cecocolic fold, as well a Plica ileocecalis (caecalis) an ileocecal fold and Mesocolon
• The colon starts at the ceciocolic orifice and teminates at the rectum
• The colon has three parts, that are ascending colon, transverse colon and descending colon.
• eq * Colon crassum represents the great ascending colon, while eq * Colon tenue represents the small descending colon
• The dog colon has an ascending, transverse and desending setup. The ascending begins at the cecum toward the root near the right of the mesentery and ends toward the right flexure of the colic near the transverse
• Mesocolon is in three different parts
• ascending, transverse and desending
• The Colon consists of the following parts: ascending colon, transverse colon and descending colon
• In Ruminants the colon is ascending
• In ruminants the colon contains Ansa proximalis
• The colon ascendens in su is also considered as "cone shaped coils
• Ansa proximalis in su turns to disc shape coils in it spiralis, consistings of gyri centripetales which consist out of around two bands named teniae and haustra
• In horses is colon classified into Large, Transverse and Small. The large intestine (Colon crassum) [E1-E1.5]; The large intestine, or colon is "U" shaped, doubled on itself twice and forms a horse shoe-shaped loop The Transverse intestine is known as Colon transversum.
• The small intestine is known as Colon tenue
• The reectum is described as being thhe "straight terminal" and beings at the pelvic inlet as a descending colon" and ends at the canal
• The canal consits of ampulla recti,it erminates at the shorter anal canal and consists of Columnae rectales

Anal Canal

• the short terminal portion of the alimentary canal, lacks intestinal grands, is composed of
• Anus is the orifice it surrounds + presennce of enormously enlarged tunica muscularis, forming the anal sphincter
• M. sphincter ani internus et externus

Liver & Glands

• Two glands closely associated with the alimentary canal: The liver - Hepar and The pancreas – Pancreas
• The liver connects the esophagus, the somach duodenale and other nearby areas

Liver (Hepar)

• Related to the word "Hepatic" and is called "hepar"
• It is the largest gland in the whole entire body It is located diagnolly away from the abdominal area The sides of liver can vary depending on the species, e.g animals
• Liver is known for being a reddish brown colour.
• 2 different aspects on the liver consist of
• Surface Visceral It is known for being concave and is related to kidneys and the abdominal
• liver often consist out of impressions Esophagea Gastric The liver has borders
• dorsal/ventral and left borders With those boarders are thick while other ones are thing On the ventrical border is the liver divided into lobes.

Liver (General Notes about the liver)

• Ligaments are present and are composed of areas. Coranary Ligaments And connected wiht trianguare dexterum

Liver Variations accross Animals-

Ruminants = "On Diaphragrma" 4-lobles is 3.4kg and upto 10lobes Is known fro Incisurae interlobares , a charchteristic and the glall bladdre Horse - On Diaphragrma. Consisits of 5kb with NO glall bladder Carnivoire- On daphragma bigger, 3% weight Pig - The liver in pigs haws 6 lobes and consist of process caudatus + A " gall stone .

Glall Bladder

• Known for being in the surface of the viscera and lobes + pear shaped sac. The gall bladder is compsed of the body and a blind end which is situated at the end . The mucous is folded into layers.

The bile drains from its liver but the glall bladder is absent.

• The right and left hepatic ducts (ductus hepaticus dexter et sinister) unite and form the common hepatic duct (ductus hepaticus communis). , the That one recieves the bladder. A large duodenal opening.

Pancreas

• in contact with the upper abdomen and is associated with stomoach
• It is generally soft
• 3 parts; body , left and right section.

pancreas(Differences in animals)

• Car-It is "V shapped + 0.3% b ody weigth
• 13mg is its wight
• The liver in pigs haws 6 lobes and consist of process caudatus

+Incisura pancreatis – notch for portal vein

bo: the single (accessory) duct – ductus pancreaticus accessorius opens into the proximal duodenum (80-110 cm distal to the pylorus

singleov; cap: the single – ductus panereaticus - opens into the duodenum (25-30 cm distal to the pylorus)

Ventral is where the VL is located in most animals and +Anulus pancreatis. duodenum(8-1cm). The weight is around 350G Duct open, the accessrory duct.

Poultry

• They all are similar but contain a single body cavitys. The liver embraces the cuada.
• Cloaca: the commin teminations. Consist of 3 parts with the Ventus for an opening, in the tail.