Domains of Life: Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria

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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic differentiates Archaea from Bacteria?

  • Unicellular structure
  • Presence of a nuclear envelope
  • Presence of membrane-bound organelles
  • Presence of peptidoglycan in cell walls (correct)

What is the significance of Gram staining in bacterial identification?

  • Identifying the presence of a true nucleus.
  • Determining the presence of histones.
  • Differentiating bacteria based on peptidoglycan layer thickness. (correct)
  • Differentiating between Bacteria and Archaea.

Which of the following does not represent a key difference between Bacteria and Archaea?

  • Nuclear envelope. (correct)
  • Presence of peptidoglycan.
  • Histone presence.
  • Membrane-bound organelles.

Why are Bacteria and Archaea important for the biosphere?

<p>They account for 50% of carbon and 90% of nitrogen in the biosphere. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fimbriae in bacterial function?

<p>Formation of biofilms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the evolutionary development of flagella differ across the three domains?

<p>Flagella in Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria evolved independently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 'organic nitrogen' in the context of bacterial function?

<p>Nitrogen converted into a usable form by bacteria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteria contribute to bioremediation?

<p>By converting toxic substances into less harmful ones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did cyanobacteria contribute to the early Earth's atmosphere?

<p>By producing oxygen through photosynthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ecological significance of the antibiotics produced by bacteria and fungi?

<p>Mediation of relationships within and between microbial species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of symbiotic relationship is exemplified by the bacteria in animal stomachs that aid in the digestion of cellulose?

<p>Mutualism, where both bacteria and the animal benefit. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Wolbachia play in controlling insect-borne diseases?

<p>Impairing insect reproduction to reduce disease spread. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does genetic engineering utilize Agrobacterium?

<p>To transfer genes into plants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Rhizobium bacteria in the roots of legumes?

<p>Enabling nitrogen fixation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ecological role of methanogens?

<p>To produce methane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to Ecdysozoa and not found in Lophotrochozoa or Deuterostomia?

<p>Shedding of an external covering. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of a mantle contribute to the survival and diversification of mollusks?

<p>It enables the production of a shell for protection and support. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary advantage do jointed appendages provide to arthropods in terms of ecological adaptation and diversification?

<p>Greater flexibility and precision in movement for diverse functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is exclusively present in chordates at some point during their development?

<p>Pharyngeal gill slits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cephalization contribute to the ecological success and behavioral complexity observed in Bilateria?

<p>It concentrates sensory and neural structures for coordinated responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Domains

Domains more inclusive than Kingdoms, classifying all life.

Archaea

Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms lacking a true nucleus and organelles with some having histones.

Bacteria

Prokaryotic, unicellular organism lacking a true nucleus or organelles and lacking histones.

Nuclear Envelope

Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; Bacteria and Archaea do not.

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Peptidoglycan

Present in Bacteria cell walls; absent in Archaea.

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Archaea Relationship

Archaea share a more recent common ancestor with eukaryotes.

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Nitrogen Fixation

Converting inorganic forms of nitrogen into organic molecules.

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Bacteria Motility

Movement of cells using flagella or fimbriae.

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Autotrophs

Using light or chemicals to create energy.

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Heterotrophs

Obtaining energy by consuming other organisms.

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Bioremediation

Using microorganisms to remove pollutants.

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Mutualism

Relationship where both organisms benefit.

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Bioluminescence

Light produced by bacteria.

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Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis that produces oxygen, first evolved in cyanobacteria.

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Rhizobium

Rhizobium in legume roots facilitate nitrogen fixation through a close relationship.

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Bilateria

A major group of animals characterized by having bilateral symmetry. Includes protostomes and deuterostomes.

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Ecdysozoa

A clade of protostomes that shed their external covering (cuticle or exoskeleton) through a process called ecdysis (moulting).

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Lophotrochozoa

One of the two main groups within protostomes. They do not shed their outer covering. Includes Annelida and Mollusca.

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Phylum Annelida

A phylum characterized by segmented worms, like earthworms and leeches.

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Cephalization

The concentration of sensory and neural equipment with a head at the anterior end

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Study Notes

Bilateria

  • Genetic analyses consistently identify deuterostomes as separate from lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans
  • Ecdyosozoans are non-deuterostomes that shed their outer covering, unlike lophotrochozoans
  • Key lineages residing within lophotrochozoa

Key Phyla

  • Two key phyla within lophotrochozoa are annelida and mollusca
  • Includes annelida (earth worms, leaches) segmented worms
  • Includes phylum mollusca (clams, snails, octopus)
    • They have a mantle, (cloak of tissue) and produce shells
    • Clams have a radula
  • Includes the phylum arthropoda (jointed legs) in the key lineage with ecdysozoa
    • Arthropoda contains the huge majority of all named eukaryotes, and contains vast majorities of named animal species
    • Includes Animalia (Metazoa), Parifera, Eumetazoa, Ctenophora, Cnidaria, Bilateria, Lophotrochozoa, Annelida, Mollusca, Ecdysozoa, Arthropoda

Deuterostomia

  • Two key phyla exist with deuterostomia
    • Phylum echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins, starfish)
    • Phylum Chordata
      • Unified by four characters: muscular post-anal tail, notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal gill slits present at some point in development in all chordates
      • Cephalization is the evolution of a head sensory system situated on one side of an animal
      • Three main groups in chordata includes Lancelet, Tunicare, and Vertionates

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Bacteria and Archaea Overview PDF
Bilateria & Deuterostomia - Biology

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