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Questions and Answers

What is the net ATP gain from glycolysis?

  • 4 ATP molecules
  • 0 ATP molecules
  • 2 ATP molecules (correct)
  • 6 ATP molecules

Which of the following best describes the main product of glycolysis?

  • Glucose
  • Pyruvic acid (correct)
  • NADH
  • Oxygen

What is a significant advantage of glycolysis in terms of oxygen requirement?

  • It only functions when oxygen levels are high.
  • It requires a large amount of oxygen.
  • It produces oxygen as a byproduct.
  • It can occur in the absence of oxygen. (correct)

How many carbon atoms are present in one molecule of glucose before glycolysis starts?

<p>6 carbon atoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NAD+ in glycolysis?

<p>As an electron carrier. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the speed of glycolysis?

<p>It quickly produces thousands of ATP molecules in milliseconds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the pyruvic acid and NADH produced during glycolysis when oxygen is present?

<p>They are used in further stages of cellular respiration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of pyruvic acid molecules produced from one glucose molecule during glycolysis?

<p>2 molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced from each glucose molecule during glycolysis?

<p>2 molecules of pyruvic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many times does the Krebs cycle turn for each glucose molecule?

<p>Twice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule enters the mitochondrion's matrix from glycolysis?

<p>Pyruvic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is removed from pyruvic acid during the Krebs cycle?

<p>CO2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is formed when the 2-carbon molecule joins with a 4-carbon molecule in the Krebs cycle?

<p>Citric acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is produced from NAD+ during the conversion of pyruvic acid in the mitochondrion?

<p>NADH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'matrix' refer to in the context of the mitochondrion?

<p>Space within the inner mitochondrial membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence accurately represents the process after glycolysis in cellular respiration?

<p>Glycolysis → Krebs Cycle → Electron Transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is glycolysis classified as in terms of oxygen requirement?

<p>An anaerobic process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net gain of ATP molecules produced from glycolysis for each molecule of glucose?

<p>2 ATP molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the 6-carbon sugar during glycolysis?

<p>It is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are initially required to start glycolysis?

<p>2 ATP molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy transformation occurs during glycolysis?

<p>Energy is released as glucose bonds are broken (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true?

<p>It is the first step in cellular respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced at the final step of glycolysis?

<p>Pyruvic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do high-energy electrons from glycolysis play in cellular respiration?

<p>They are transferred to the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of ATP for exercises lasting longer than 90 seconds?

<p>Cellular respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is a waste product of cellular respiration?

<p>Carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the initial short burst of energy in a race?

<p>Anaerobic respiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

<p>Photosynthesis produces oxygen, while cellular respiration uses it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a factor that affects enzyme activity in cellular processes?

<p>Amount of glucose present (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does lactic acid fermentation predominantly occur in the body during high-intensity exercise?

<p>Cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a race, why does the body quickly deplete ATP reserves at the start?

<p>Immediate energy needs exceed ATP production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the role of fermentation in energy production?

<p>It generates ATP quickly during low-oxygen conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does NAD+ play in the processes of photosynthesis and respiration?

<p>It serves as an electron carrier during energy production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional products are formed when yeast ferment sugar besides NAD+?

<p>Carbon dioxide and ethanol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do simple sugars differ from disaccharides?

<p>Simple sugars consist of only one sugar unit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common aspect of fermentation and a detour when roads are closed?

<p>Both provide alternative methods to achieve energy or reach a destination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During glycolysis, glucose is converted into what?

<p>Two molecules of pyruvic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if a process is anaerobic?

<p>It takes place without oxygen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net gain of ATP molecules from glycolysis?

<p>2 ATP molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Krebs cycle?

<p>To break down pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a product of alcoholic fermentation?

<p>Carbon dioxide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during cellular respiration when oxygen is present?

<p>Approx. 36 molecules of ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the oxygen produced during photosynthesis?

<p>It is released into the environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of cellular respiration is anaerobic?

<p>Glycolysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are cellular respiration and photosynthesis considered opposite reactions?

<p>One releases energy while the other stores it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does NAD+ function in cellular respiration compared to NADP+ in photosynthesis?

<p>Both are electron carriers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of lactic acid fermentation in muscles during intense exercise?

<p>To regenerate NAD+. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular process is responsible for the rising of bread dough?

<p>Alcoholic fermentation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Glycolysis

The first stage of cellular respiration where glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid, producing ATP and NADH.

Pyruvic Acid

A 3-carbon molecule produced from the breakdown of glucose during glycolysis.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; a molecule that stores and releases energy for cellular processes.

NADH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a molecule that carries electrons in cellular respiration.

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What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?

The net gain of ATP in glycolysis is 2 ATP molecules. Although 4 ATP molecules are produced, 2 ATP molecules are consumed during the process.

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Why is glycolysis fast?

Glycolysis is a fast process because it can quickly produce thousands of ATP molecules in milliseconds, allowing cells to respond rapidly to energy demands.

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Does glycolysis require oxygen?

No, glycolysis does not require oxygen. It can proceed even in the absence of oxygen, making it useful in anaerobic conditions.

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What happens to pyruvic acid and NADH when oxygen is present?

When oxygen is present, pyruvic acid and NADH produced during glycolysis are used in the subsequent stages of cellular respiration (Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain).

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Pyruvate

A three-carbon molecule that is a product of glycolysis. It is then converted to acetyl-CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle.

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Krebs Cycle

A series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria, breaking down acetyl-CoA to produce energy (ATP), electron carriers (NADH and FADH2), and carbon dioxide.

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Acetyl-CoA

A two-carbon molecule that is produced from pyruvate and enters the Krebs cycle.

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Electron Transport Chain

A process in the mitochondria where electrons are passed from molecule to molecule, releasing energy that drives the production of ATP.

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NADH and FADH2

Electron carriers that transport electrons from the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain, where they contribute to ATP production.

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Mitochondrial Matrix

The innermost compartment of a mitochondrion, where the Krebs cycle takes place.

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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The primary energy currency of cells. ATP is a molecule that stores and releases energy for cellular processes.

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Net Gain of ATP in Glycolysis

Glycolysis produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. This means that 2 ATP molecules are used to start the process, and 4 ATP molecules are produced, resulting in a net gain of 2.

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Anaerobic Process

A metabolic process that occurs without the presence of oxygen. Glycolysis is an example of an anaerobic process.

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What happens during the Krebs cycle?

The Krebs cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration. Here, pyruvic acid is further broken down, generating ATP, electron carriers (NADH and FADH2), and carbon dioxide as a waste product.

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What happens during the electron transport chain?

The electron transport chain is the third and final stage of cellular respiration. Here, high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are used to create a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane, which powers the production of ATP (a process called oxidative phosphorylation).

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How much ATP does cellular respiration generate?

Cellular respiration generates approximately 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. However, this number can vary slightly depending on the efficiency of the process.

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Cellular Respiration

The process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen.

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Aerobic

Describes processes that require oxygen.

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Anaerobic

Describes processes that occur without oxygen.

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Fermentation

A process that releases energy from food in the absence of oxygen.

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Aerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen. It produces the most ATP per glucose molecule.

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Anaerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen. It produces less ATP than aerobic respiration.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration that produces lactic acid as a byproduct. Used by muscles during intense exercise when oxygen is limited.

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What is anaerobic respiration?

A type of respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen. It doesn't use the electron transport chain and generates less ATP than aerobic respiration.

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Alcoholic fermentation

A type of fermentation that produces ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide as byproducts. It's used by yeast to make bread rise and beer.

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How is NAD+ similar to NADP+?

Both NAD+ and NADP are electron carriers. NAD+ is used in cellular respiration, while NADP+ is used in photosynthesis. They both accept and donate electrons to transfer energy.

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What is the function of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

To carry electrons from glucose breakdown to the electron transport chain. This process releases energy to make ATP.

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Where does glycolysis take place?

It takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell, outside the mitochondria.

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Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

It takes place inside the mitochondria, specifically in the matrix.

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Study Notes

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

  • Organisms obtain energy from food
  • Food molecules store chemical energy
  • Living things release energy by breaking down food molecules
  • Energy in food measured in calories (1000 calories = 1 kilocalorie)
  • Different food types have different energy content (e.g., grams of fat from beef has 8893 calories)
  • Cells break down food molecules gradually for energy
  • Chemical energy helps cells create compounds (like ATP) that power cellular processes
  • Organisms get energy from food
  • Energy in food is released gradually, not all at once, to avoid waste as heat/light
  • Cellular respiration process releases energy from food when oxygen is present
  • Cellular respiration products: carbon dioxide, water, and energy
  • Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite processes
  • Photosynthesis: removes CO2 from air and produces sugars
  • Cellular respiration: uses oxygen and sugars to produce energy, releasing CO2 back into the air
  • Cellular respiration occurs in nearly all life forms (plants, animals, fungi, protists, and most bacteria)
  • Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria
  • Aerobic process requires oxygen (Krebs cycle and electron transport chain)
  • Anaerobic process does not require oxygen (glycolysis)

Glycolysis

  • First stage of cellular respiration
  • Breaks down glucose (6 carbon atoms) into two pyruvic acid molecules (3 carbon atoms each)
  • Produces a small amount of ATP directly, 2 ATP molecules
  • Uses 2 ATP molecules to get started, net gain 2 ATP
  • Produces high-energy electron carriers called NADH, which will be used later in the process
  • Does not need oxygen

Krebs Cycle

  • Second stage of cellular respiration. Occurs in the matrix of mitochondria
  • Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrion
  • Pyruvic acid is broken down to carbon dioxide
  • Energy carriers (NADH, FADH2) produced, more than previously in glycolysis
  • Forms ATP directly

Electron Transport Chain

  • Third and final stage of cellular respiration, occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane
  • High-energy electrons from glycolysis and Krebs cycle are passed along a chain of electron carriers
  • Electrons "fall" through the chain, releasing energy to produce a large amount of ATP. (about 32 ATP molecules)
  • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, combining with hydrogen ions to form water
  • A large amount of energy produced, which comes from the high-energy electrons carried by NADH and FADH2

Fermentation

  • Occurs when oxygen is not available
  • Cells convert NADH back to NAD+
  • Allows glycolysis to continue producing a small amount of ATP
  • Two types:
    • Alcoholic fermentation produces alcohol and carbon dioxide (e.g., used in making bread)
    • Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid (e.g., used in making yogurt/cheese)

Energy and Exercise

  • The body uses different methods of producing ATP to fuel quick energy bursts or long-duration activities
  • Quick energy (less than 90 seconds)
    • Stored ATP in muscles
    • Lactic acid fermentation
  • Long-term energy (more than 90 seconds)
    • Cellular respiration
  • The amount of energy needed depends on activities

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