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Questions and Answers

What is the net ATP gain from glycolysis?

  • 4 ATP molecules
  • 0 ATP molecules
  • 2 ATP molecules (correct)
  • 6 ATP molecules

    • Which of the following best describes the main product of glycolysis?

  • Glucose
  • Pyruvic acid (correct)
  • NADH
  • Oxygen

    • What is a significant advantage of glycolysis in terms of oxygen requirement?

  • It only functions when oxygen levels are high.
  • It requires a large amount of oxygen.
  • It produces oxygen as a byproduct.
  • It can occur in the absence of oxygen. (correct)

    • How many carbon atoms are present in one molecule of glucose before glycolysis starts?

    <p>6 carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NAD+ in glycolysis?

    <p>As an electron carrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the speed of glycolysis?

    <p>It quickly produces thousands of ATP molecules in milliseconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pyruvic acid and NADH produced during glycolysis when oxygen is present?

    <p>They are used in further stages of cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of pyruvic acid molecules produced from one glucose molecule during glycolysis?

    <p>2 molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced from each glucose molecule during glycolysis?

    <p>2 molecules of pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times does the Krebs cycle turn for each glucose molecule?

    <p>Twice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule enters the mitochondrion's matrix from glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is removed from pyruvic acid during the Krebs cycle?

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule is formed when the 2-carbon molecule joins with a 4-carbon molecule in the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Citric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is produced from NAD+ during the conversion of pyruvic acid in the mitochondrion?

    <p>NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'matrix' refer to in the context of the mitochondrion?

    <p>Space within the inner mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequence accurately represents the process after glycolysis in cellular respiration?

    <p>Glycolysis → Krebs Cycle → Electron Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is glycolysis classified as in terms of oxygen requirement?

    <p>An anaerobic process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net gain of ATP molecules produced from glycolysis for each molecule of glucose?

    <p>2 ATP molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the 6-carbon sugar during glycolysis?

    <p>It is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are initially required to start glycolysis?

    <p>2 ATP molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy transformation occurs during glycolysis?

    <p>Energy is released as glucose bonds are broken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true?

    <p>It is the first step in cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced at the final step of glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do high-energy electrons from glycolysis play in cellular respiration?

    <p>They are transferred to the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of ATP for exercises lasting longer than 90 seconds?

    <p>Cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is a waste product of cellular respiration?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the initial short burst of energy in a race?

    <p>Anaerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

    <p>Photosynthesis produces oxygen, while cellular respiration uses it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a factor that affects enzyme activity in cellular processes?

    <p>Amount of glucose present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does lactic acid fermentation predominantly occur in the body during high-intensity exercise?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a race, why does the body quickly deplete ATP reserves at the start?

    <p>Immediate energy needs exceed ATP production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the role of fermentation in energy production?

    <p>It generates ATP quickly during low-oxygen conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does NAD+ play in the processes of photosynthesis and respiration?

    <p>It serves as an electron carrier during energy production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional products are formed when yeast ferment sugar besides NAD+?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do simple sugars differ from disaccharides?

    <p>Simple sugars consist of only one sugar unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common aspect of fermentation and a detour when roads are closed?

    <p>Both provide alternative methods to achieve energy or reach a destination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, glucose is converted into what?

    <p>Two molecules of pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if a process is anaerobic?

    <p>It takes place without oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net gain of ATP molecules from glycolysis?

    <p>2 ATP molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Krebs cycle?

    <p>To break down pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a product of alcoholic fermentation?

    <p>Carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during cellular respiration when oxygen is present?

    <p>Approx. 36 molecules of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the oxygen produced during photosynthesis?

    <p>It is released into the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of cellular respiration is anaerobic?

    <p>Glycolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are cellular respiration and photosynthesis considered opposite reactions?

    <p>One releases energy while the other stores it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does NAD+ function in cellular respiration compared to NADP+ in photosynthesis?

    <p>Both are electron carriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of lactic acid fermentation in muscles during intense exercise?

    <p>To regenerate NAD+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular process is responsible for the rising of bread dough?

    <p>Alcoholic fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

    • Organisms obtain energy from food
    • Food molecules store chemical energy
    • Living things release energy by breaking down food molecules
    • Energy in food measured in calories (1000 calories = 1 kilocalorie)
    • Different food types have different energy content (e.g., grams of fat from beef has 8893 calories)
    • Cells break down food molecules gradually for energy
    • Chemical energy helps cells create compounds (like ATP) that power cellular processes
    • Organisms get energy from food
    • Energy in food is released gradually, not all at once, to avoid waste as heat/light
    • Cellular respiration process releases energy from food when oxygen is present
    • Cellular respiration products: carbon dioxide, water, and energy
    • Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite processes
    • Photosynthesis: removes CO2 from air and produces sugars
    • Cellular respiration: uses oxygen and sugars to produce energy, releasing CO2 back into the air
    • Cellular respiration occurs in nearly all life forms (plants, animals, fungi, protists, and most bacteria)
    • Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria
    • Aerobic process requires oxygen (Krebs cycle and electron transport chain)
    • Anaerobic process does not require oxygen (glycolysis)

    Glycolysis

    • First stage of cellular respiration
    • Breaks down glucose (6 carbon atoms) into two pyruvic acid molecules (3 carbon atoms each)
    • Produces a small amount of ATP directly, 2 ATP molecules
    • Uses 2 ATP molecules to get started, net gain 2 ATP
    • Produces high-energy electron carriers called NADH, which will be used later in the process
    • Does not need oxygen

    Krebs Cycle

    • Second stage of cellular respiration. Occurs in the matrix of mitochondria
    • Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrion
    • Pyruvic acid is broken down to carbon dioxide
    • Energy carriers (NADH, FADH2) produced, more than previously in glycolysis
    • Forms ATP directly

    Electron Transport Chain

    • Third and final stage of cellular respiration, occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane
    • High-energy electrons from glycolysis and Krebs cycle are passed along a chain of electron carriers
    • Electrons "fall" through the chain, releasing energy to produce a large amount of ATP. (about 32 ATP molecules)
    • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, combining with hydrogen ions to form water
    • A large amount of energy produced, which comes from the high-energy electrons carried by NADH and FADH2

    Fermentation

    • Occurs when oxygen is not available
    • Cells convert NADH back to NAD+
    • Allows glycolysis to continue producing a small amount of ATP
    • Two types:
      • Alcoholic fermentation produces alcohol and carbon dioxide (e.g., used in making bread)
      • Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid (e.g., used in making yogurt/cheese)

    Energy and Exercise

    • The body uses different methods of producing ATP to fuel quick energy bursts or long-duration activities
    • Quick energy (less than 90 seconds)
      • Stored ATP in muscles
      • Lactic acid fermentation
    • Long-term energy (more than 90 seconds)
      • Cellular respiration
    • The amount of energy needed depends on activities

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