Document Management and Warning Signs

A caution against making changes to a specific file as it will result in loss.

The state of a file being unaltered and preserved as intended.

The unintentional deletion or corruption of data stored in a file.

Cautions that notify users about potential risks when interacting with files.

A unique identifier for sending and receiving electronic messages, often used for contact.

The three major classifications of all life: bacteria, archaea, eukarya.

Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) have greater diversity due to longer evolutionary time.

Classes of microbes include proteobacteria, cyanobacteria, firmicutes, and actinobacteria.

Eukarya includes fungi, amoebozoa, protists, and some algae.

Viruses are considered microbes but are not living organisms.

A component of ribosomes used for phylogenetic analysis, has variable and conserved regions.

The process of DNA replication, transcription to RNA, and translation to proteins.

Complexes of proteins and rRNA that synthesize proteins by binding to mRNA.

Circular DNA found in mitochondria with similarities to bacterial DNA.

Segments of DNA that can move around within the genome, also known as jumping genes.

The transfer of genes between organisms, significant in prokaryotic genome variability.

The complete genetic material of an organism, including chromosomes and plasmids.

A method used to amplify specific DNA sequences using universal primers.

If 16S rRNA sequences are >97% identical, bacteria are considered the same species.

Prokaryotic genomes are typically circular and haploid, while eukaryotic genomes are linear and diploid.

The genome size of E. coli is 4.6 megabase pairs (mbp).

The human genome is approximately 3 billion base pairs (Gbp).

Most eukaryotic genomes are in the gigabase (Gbp) range and have many non-coding sequences.

Over 90% of prokaryotic genomes are protein-coding genes.

Viral genomes typically range around 10 kilobases (kb).

DNA replication occurs in four steps: initiation, elongation, termination, and untangling.

Replication begins at a specific site called the origin of replication (oriC).

DnaA protein binds to oriC to initiate DNA replication in bacteria.

DNA replication ends at ter sequences or wherever replication halts.

GC skew indicates the relative abundance of guanine (G) and cytosine (C) in DNA sequences, helpful in identifying origin and termination.

Transcription and replication can produce conflicts, which are avoided by co-directional processes in DNA strands.

Comparative genomics involves comparing the full genome sequences of two or more organisms to understand metabolic functions.

A method of DNA sequencing that involves one reaction at a time, known for high accuracy but low throughput.

NGS allows for multiple sequencing reactions in parallel, significantly increasing throughput compared to traditional methods.

Illumina sequencing features include bridge amplification, clonal array generation, and sequencing by synthesis.