Podcast
Questions and Answers
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes get pulled apart and move to opposite poles of the cell?
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes get pulled apart and move to opposite poles of the cell?
- Metaphase
- Anaphase (correct)
- Prophase
- Telophase
What is the primary role of the enzyme RNA polymerase in transcription?
What is the primary role of the enzyme RNA polymerase in transcription?
- To synthesize proteins from amino acids
- To copy a segment of DNA into RNA (correct)
- To replicate DNA
- To degrade RNA molecules
What occurs during telophase of mitosis?
What occurs during telophase of mitosis?
- Nuclear membranes form around two sets of chromosomes (correct)
- Chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down
- Chromosomes align in the center of the cell
- Chromosomes are split and pulled apart
How do oncogenes contribute to cancer development?
How do oncogenes contribute to cancer development?
What is the function of cyclins in the cell cycle?
What is the function of cyclins in the cell cycle?
Which stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication primarily occur?
Which stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication primarily occur?
What occurs during the elongation step of transcription?
What occurs during the elongation step of transcription?
What characterizes the prometaphase stage of mitosis?
What characterizes the prometaphase stage of mitosis?
What distinguishes a nucleotide from a nucleoside?
What distinguishes a nucleotide from a nucleoside?
Which nitrogenous bases are classified as purines?
Which nitrogenous bases are classified as purines?
In which stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
In which stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
What is the characteristic of heterochromatin compared to euchromatin?
What is the characteristic of heterochromatin compared to euchromatin?
What reflects the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication?
What reflects the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication?
Which carbon of the sugar molecule does the nitrogenous base attach to?
Which carbon of the sugar molecule does the nitrogenous base attach to?
How many hydrogen bonds are formed between adenine and thymine?
How many hydrogen bonds are formed between adenine and thymine?
What allows the phosphate group of a nucleotide to interact with histone proteins?
What allows the phosphate group of a nucleotide to interact with histone proteins?
What is the primary role of single strand binding protein during DNA replication?
What is the primary role of single strand binding protein during DNA replication?
Which enzyme is responsible for creating the RNA primers needed for DNA synthesis?
Which enzyme is responsible for creating the RNA primers needed for DNA synthesis?
What distinguishes the leading strand from the lagging strand during DNA replication?
What distinguishes the leading strand from the lagging strand during DNA replication?
What are Okazaki fragments and why do they occur?
What are Okazaki fragments and why do they occur?
What is the role of topoisomerase in DNA replication?
What is the role of topoisomerase in DNA replication?
During DNA replication, which function does DNA Polymerase 1 serve?
During DNA replication, which function does DNA Polymerase 1 serve?
What happens to DNA strands when helicase functions during replication?
What happens to DNA strands when helicase functions during replication?
How does etoposide function as an anti-cancer drug in relation to topoisomerase?
How does etoposide function as an anti-cancer drug in relation to topoisomerase?
Flashcards
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
The basic building block of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group.
Nucleoside
Nucleoside
A molecule consisting of a nitrogenous base and a five-carbon sugar.
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
The process by which DNA is copied, creating two identical DNA molecules from one original.
Semi-conservative Replication
Semi-conservative Replication
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Anti-parallel DNA
Anti-parallel DNA
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Purines
Purines
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Pyrimidines
Pyrimidines
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Origin of Replication
Origin of Replication
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Pre-replication protein complex
Pre-replication protein complex
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Single-strand binding protein
Single-strand binding protein
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Nuclease
Nuclease
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Helicase function
Helicase function
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Topoisomerase function
Topoisomerase function
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Okazaki fragments
Okazaki fragments
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DNA Polymerase 3 function
DNA Polymerase 3 function
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Leading/Lagging Strand
Leading/Lagging Strand
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Cell Cycle Stages
Cell Cycle Stages
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Mitosis Phases
Mitosis Phases
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Transcription
Transcription
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Translation
Translation
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Oncogenes
Oncogenes
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Tumor Suppressor Genes
Tumor Suppressor Genes
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p53 Function
p53 Function
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Cancer Definition
Cancer Definition
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Study Notes
DNA Structure
- Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. They consist of a nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group.
- Nucleosides consist of a nitrogenous base and a five-carbon sugar.
- Nucleotides have one or more phosphate groups attached to a nucleoside.
- The negative charge of phosphate groups makes nucleotides hydrophilic and able to interact with water.
- The nitrogenous bases are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).
- Purines are adenine and guanine; pyrimidines are cytosine, thymine, and uracil.
- Deoxyribose sugar has one less oxygen atom than ribose.
- The nitrogenous base attaches to the 1' carbon of the sugar molecule.
- The phosphate group attaches to the 5' carbon of the sugar molecule.
- A hydroxyl group (OH) is present on the 3' carbon of the sugar molecule.
- A and T are connected by 2 hydrogen bonds, while C and G are connected by 3 hydrogen bonds.
- Phosphate groups are negatively charged, allowing them to interact with histone proteins.
- Chromatin exists in two forms: euchromatin (loosely packed) and heterochromatin (tightly packed).
DNA Replication
- DNA replication occurs during interphase.
- The origin of replication is a region of DNA rich in A-T nucleotides. Multiple origins may be present.
- The pre-replication protein complex recruits additional enzymes and proteins to the origin of replication.
- Single-strand binding proteins keep the DNA strands separated.
- Nucleases break down nucleotides.
- Helicase splits the DNA.
- Topoisomerase relieves the DNA from winding tension during replication.
- Topoisomerase can be a target for cancer drugs.
- DNA polymerase 3 synthesizes new DNA strands.
- Primase synthesizes short RNA segments called primers to provide a starting point for DNA polymerase.
- Okazaki fragments are short DNA fragments formed on the lagging strand during replication.
- DNA polymerase 1 removes RNA primers and fills in the gaps with DNA nucleotides.
- DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments together to create a continuous DNA strand.
Cell Cycle
- Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs.
- Mitosis has four stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
- During prophase, chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, and centrioles move to opposite poles.
- During metaphase, chromosomes align at the center of the cell.
- During anaphase, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
- During telophase, chromosomes decondense, and new nuclear envelopes form.
- Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm, forming two daughter cells.
Transcription
- Transcription is the process where a segment of DNA is copied into RNA.
- RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for transcription.
- The process includes initiation, elongation, and termination steps.
Translation
- Translation is the process where mRNA is decoded to synthesize a specific protein.
- Ribosomes are the site of translation.
Mutations and Cancer
- Oncogenes are mutated genes that cause uncontrollable cell growth and division.
- Tumor suppressor genes regulate cell growth and division.
- p53 is a tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell division and DNA repair.
- Cyclins and CDKs regulate the cell cycle by phosphorylating proteins.
Meiosis
- Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half.
- Meiosis has two rounds of division: meiosis I and meiosis II.
- Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes.
- Meiosis II separates sister chromatids.
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Description
Test your understanding of the fundamental components of DNA in this quiz. Explore the roles of nucleotides, nitrogenous bases, and the structural differences between RNA and DNA. This quiz will help reinforce your knowledge of the molecular biology of DNA.
